This article introduces the current status and development trends of new energy vehicles in Europe, covering the European auto market, the EU’s carbon emission regulations, the new energy promotion policies of EU governments, and the new energy vehicle strategies and technical road-maps of European original equipment manufactures (OEMs). Although the long-term goals of new energy vehicles of major European OEMs are different, because they must comply with the same CO₂ emission regulations, the short-term technical road-maps are similar, that is, pure electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles go hand in hand. In terms of power batteries, European OEMs have all adopted lithium ion battery technology; In terms of pure electric powertrain system, European OEMs basically adopt the configuration of drive motor combined with single speed reducer; In terms of hybrid powertrain systems, the choice of European OEMs is based on the parallel structure, which has not only potential for optimizing energy transmission efficiency, enriching working modes, but also giving full play to the traditional advantages of European OEMs in engine and transmission technology. It is worth mentioning that dedicated hybrid transmission (DHT) technology has been successfully launched in Europe. This technology can give full play to the advantages of electrified powertrains and is forming a development trend. The EU’s strict CO₂ emission regulations are the biggest driving force to ensure the sustainable development of new energy vehicles in the next few decades. Europe’s strength in traditional automotive technology, production, and sales is also becoming a strong advantage in the development of its new energy vehicles. It is expected that in the next ten years, the share of new energy vehicles in Europe will continue to grow steadily, and new energy vehicles will dominate the European market before 2040

The limitation of traction battery systems in performance, cost, life, and safety constitutes the bottleneck for
the diffusion of electric vehicles. This paper analyzes dozens of electric vehicles in the phase of R & D and several major
commercialized electric vehicles, identifies and reviews four key technologies for the traction battery system, the assembly
of cells into the battery, thermal management, electric energy management, and safety. Underlying these key technologies,
two fundamental academic issues are specified: 1) the generation, transfer, and removal of heat in the stacked composite
system comprising cells and heat conduction plates/flow fields; 2) the modeling, identification, and control of the battery
system comprising a multitude of non-linear, time-varying cells connected in parallel and series. Further development
tendency for traction battery systems are viewed, such as the smart cell and the integration with the grid and internet.

Lightweighting of automotive is an important measure for energy conservation and emissions
reduction with significance for sustainable development of automotive industry. This paper summarizes the
current research and future trends of automotive lightweight technology in China and in the world from three
aspects: the structural optimization, the lightweight materials, and the advanced manufacturing technology.
The review includes the basic principles and research developments of structural size optimization, shape
optimization, to pological optimization, and multidisciplinary design optimization. And it introduces the
applications of high-strength steel, aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy, plastic material, composite material;
as well as the applications of hydroform and laser welding in automotive industry. The authors think that the
lightweight technology future research area are the improvement of automotive structural optimization theory,
the multi-material integration, the lightweight components, and the systematization and integration of lightweight
technology.

Life prediction and performance state estimation online are important in the life stage for each lithium-ion battery in electrical vehicles (EVs). The battery capacity and internal resistance were used to compare the model structure and the chemical meaning of eigen-parameters of two basic approaches; one is the identification of specific parameters based on the Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) in the time domain and the other is Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) analysis in the frequency domain. The results show that the common inherent conflict between the nonlinearity of batteries and the linearization of the identification algorithm constrains the development of lithium-ion battery in EV. Therefore, proposals such as aging mechanism, new life modeling approach, hardware structures and algorithm improvement are given to resolve the difficulties encountered in the implementation of battery life estimation online for lithium-ion systems.

The proposed “Double Carbon” policy has brought a broad prospect to the development of hydrogen energy. Fuel cell, as the best way of hydrogen energy utilization, has been embracing a new round of prosperity in research field and industry, and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), which is maturely developed in commercial vehicles, has gained more attention. Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and bipolar plate (BPP) are two key components of PEMFC stacks, and they directly determine the cost and performance of the stacks. The technologies of water and thermal management and cold start also play vital roles for the realization of stack performance and the promotion of practical application. This article comprehensively illustrates the impact of various technologies above on the performance, lifespan and cost of stacks, and then points out their development trend. In addition, fuel cell vehicles will be applied as buses and heavy duty trucks in near future. And the application as passenger cars put forward higher requirements on power density and cost of stack.

PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor) drive systems has been having general used in
various industries needed high precision control due to a rapid development of microprocessors. The proper
system configuration is still complex and time consuming. To overcome such a limitation, this paper presents
a FOC (Field Oriented Control) algorithm for PMSM speed control algorithm performed in Matlab/Simulink by
using standard blocks only, which is realized in almost any DSP (Digital Signal Processing) processor by using
auto-coding tool in Matlab. STM32F4 microcontroller was employed. Simple Active Currents Reading Error
Compensator was introduced for appropriate feedback signals filtering. Precision of the signal was set to around
10 mA of current –10 Bit with an Analog-to-Digital Converter operated by three bidirectional 5-A Hall current
sensors. A PMSM sensored motor was tested in 0~2 000 r/min. The experimental step responses to desired
speeds show good dynamic and smooth performance of the entire system.

The state-of-the-art and technical trends of intelligent and connected vehicle (ICV) are illustrated.
The ICV system architecture included the value chain, technology chain and industrial chain. The four stages of
ICVs were the advanced assistance, connected assistance, cooperative automation and highly/fully automated
driving. Some key technologies of ICVs were introduced such as environmental perception, decision making,
dynamical control, human-machine copilot, V2X communication and platform, cyber security. Therefore, China
should develop the ICV industry rely on the top-down design by using the national institutional advantages
because the ICV will be an important direction of the automotive technology in the future, and the ICV
development is a great opportunity for the transformation and upgrading of China's automobile industry.

The performance and life of electric-vehicle battery-systems are affected by the temperature. A
liquid cooling/heating Battery Thermal Management (BTM) with an optimum geometric structure was designed
to keep the average battery-system temperature in the range from 20 ℃ to 45 ℃ and the temperature gradient
within 3 ℃ . According to overall system flow balancing in a BTM, cooling/heating plates with different structure
parameters were simulated to investigate cooling effects of the BTM. An infrared thermal imager monitored the
cooling/heating plate temperature rises in battery-system heating experiments. Experimental and simulation
results were shown to be the same. The results show that the structure with an inlet and an outlet on the
same side has an even flow distribution. By combining the simulation and optimization, the obtained optimum
combination of the inlet velocity and the temperature in the cooling/heating plate reduces the plate-surfacetemperature
standard-deviation to 2.61 ℃ , and makes the battery system uniformly heated.

Several countries’ governments are producing mandatory regulations of automotive engineering
to reduce CO2 emission and fuel consumption. The electric vehicles are one of the results by engineers'
special efforts. This paper gives a wider view of innovation of automotive engineering and a look into the
future. Technology trends include that 1) More Intelligent driver assistance systems can be distinguished
into safety functions, comfort functions, traffic efficiency improvement and environmental effect reduction; 2)
Body technology is determined by the used materials with competition between multi-materials, steel, and
carbon fibres; 3) Chassis technology is improved by integrated vehicle dynamics control, active suspension
components and material application; 4) Drive trains are converted into hybrid-drives with intelligent solutions
on the horizon for these hybrid gearboxes, but also for four-wheel drive systems; 5) Electronic control is
focusing on central control modules, the mobile phone for quite new applications and inventions for car
lighting.

Field data analyses have shown that the occupant protection in rear seats failed to keep pace with the advances in front seats likely due to their low occupancy and the lack of advanced safety technologies. This study provided a comprehensive literature review on rear seat occupant protection addressing the different needs for a diverse population, ranging from children in harness restraints to adults with a wide range of stature, age, and body shape. Based on the findings from field data analyses, experimental studies, and computational simulations, rear seat safety can be improved by properly using age-appropriate child restraints and introducing
adjustable/advanced/adaptive features into the rear seat restraint systems. However, the lack of biofidelic injury assessment tools for children, older, and/or obese occupants will be one of the major challenges for further improving the rear seat safety. The increased proportion of older and obese populations, the growth of lightweight vehicles, the popularity of smart-phone-based ride service, and the advances in active safety technology and autonomous vehicles will likely increase the significance of rear seat safety but at the same time will pose additional challenges. All these trends suggested that more efforts on optimizing rear seat restraint systems adapting to a wide range of impact conditions, occupant characteristics and sitting postures are necessary in the future.

 Investments of automotive safety technology have substantially been increased due to heavy casualty in traffic accident in China. It thereby accelerates the improvement of R&D capability of safety technology and commercialization process. The fact that the domestic-brand vehicles have achieved C-NCAP 5-star rating marks a great leap forward in terms of passive safety technology in China. The research of passive safety is further performed with regard to pedestrian protection, rear-row passenger’s protection, whiplash protection and cyclist protection. Meanwhile, the research and development of active safety, pre-crash safety and intelligent automotive network system have become the focuses. The perfect combination of high level active and passive safety technology regarding to passenger, vehicle and environment will promote the accomplishment of safety philosophy of zero crash and zero casualty. The subject establishment of state-level development and industrialization, and regulations constitution and perfection thereof will become the driving force of rapid growth of auto safety technology

The current international vehicle technology was introduced. This article described the passive safety technology: automotive collision safety design and vehicle structure design technology, key technology of advanced passenger restraint systems, vehicle safety devices to protect pedestrians, collision safety and security performance evaluation database platform; and the active safety technology: vehicle dynamics stability control technology, integrated chassis control technology, intelligent security auxiliary control technology, pre-warning technology based on people - Vehicle dangerous condition monitoring. A development mode of the advanced automotive security technology, was proposed. The  trends of the car-road coordinate control, intelligent highway and basic research of common technology were also preseuted.

To promote the fuel economy level of passenger vehicle industry in China is beneficial to energy
saving and emission reduction. The Corporate Average Fuel Consumption (CAFC) of passenger vehicles
in China market was investigated based on the authority’s data and standards. The results show that the
passenger-vehicle CAFC in China market in the year of 2011 is 7.5 L/(100 km), which overall meets the target
value of Phase 2 in the "Limits of Fuel Consumption for Passenger Cars" (GB 19578-2004, 2004-09-02) of
China, but does not meet the target of Phase 3 (GB 27999-2011, 2011-12-30). The vehicle companies with
independent-brands have lower real CAFC values than those with the joint-venture-brands, but have a higher
ratio of the real value to the CAFC target standard, so they have more work to do to meet the Phase 3 standard.
Compared with domestic vehicles, imported passenger vehicles have higher CAFC real values and a higher
ratio of the real value to the target standard, which shows a severe challenge to the domestic vehicles.

Ethanol is being promoted as a renewable fuel and as a means of improving energy security. The
blends of gasoline and ethanol from 0 – 100 % ethanol were studied to evaluate their spray characteristics,
combustion performances, and particulate emissions with blends of ethanol and water with up to 40 % water
by volume being tested to research the combustion performances of different water ethanol blends and the
miscibility of water with ethanol/gasoline blends using ternary phase diagrams for gasoline, ethanol, and water.
The results show that presence of water in ethanol/gasoline mixtures is not an impediment to their use as a fuel
in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. Adding ethanol to gasoline increases the injected fuel volume and the
persistence of the fuel sprays, especially for a cold engine, leads to reduced mixture homogeneity, a decrease
in the combustion stability, and an increase in particulate matter emissions for a stoichiometric mixture. Adding
water to ethanol further increases injected fuel volume, but the increase in combustion duration and reduction in
combustion stability are not significant with up to 30 % water by volume.

A review on the state-of-art in the world for fuel cell technology was given, which is an efficient,
clean, and new energy technology, including in China, northern America, European Union, Japan, South Korea
and so on. A comparison analysis was made in different aspects, such as the technical specifications of fuel
cell vehicles, the lifetime and the environmental adaptability of fuel cell engines, the hydrogen storage system,
the key materials, the auxiliary system of fuel cells, the demonstration of fuel cell vehicles and the infrastructure
of hydrogen refueling stations. The results show that global automobile companies are prepared for the
industrialization of fuel cell vehicles, and will enter mass production stage in 2015; while fuel cell vehicles are still
in the demonstration stage in China. The future hot points in next generation fuel cell vehicles are the cell life
extension, the system cost reduction, the hydrogen infrastructure construction, and commercial demonstration.

Authors reviewed the role of fuel additive in producing quality transportation fuels and fuel additive for optimal vehicle performance, meanwhile studied fuel additive application for advanced hybrid vehicles and direct injection engines. Transportation fuel and vehicle technology are rapidly evolving in response to regulatory and commercial efforts to assure energy supply, improve fuel economy and reduce mobile source emissions.  Along with these changes, the fuels must meet the demands for transportation and storage in a safe and efficient manner and the vehicle performance requirements to ensure acceptable operation in consumer use.  This evaluation looks at the broad class of fuel additives and considers how they can provide fuel producers with a means to readily deliver safe and effective transportation of fuel and to allow for effective operation of changing engine technologies. 

A research progresses on the working principle, development path, application status and regulation of the autonomous emergency braking (AEB) technology were introduced to promote the car’s autonomous emergency braking technology to be safer and more efficient. The key technologies related to the
comprehensive performance of AEB system were summarized, including collision avoidance strategy, braking execution technology and front-end perception technology. The results show that AEB system can effectively avoid or mitigate collision, which can greatly improve the vehicle's active safety performance. However, AEB system can’t avoid any collision at higher vehicle speed and more complex traffic scenarios on account of low level braking execution technology and front-end perception technology. The technology focus for AEB will be comprehensive performance optimization of collision avoidance strategy in more complex traffic scenarios, the development of brake actuators based on shorter response time objectives, and the deep integration and the coordinated control of multiple active safety technologies under dangerous driving conditions.

Development status and trend of connected automated vehicle highway (CAVH) system are presented. The system consists of four key modules: sensing module, fusion and prediction module, planning module, and control module. The system initially starts from a level of “simple vehicle, smart road” or “smart
system” and gradually migrates to a higher-level system of “smart vehicle, smart road”, which can significantly improve transportation efficiency, traffic safety and energy consumption. The development of the CAVH system is very important for China. Accordingly, the roles and functions of government agencies in transportation planning, construction and management need be well defined to develop the CAVH system.

Electromagnetic brakes (EBs) are widely applied in commercial vehicles for their characteristics of
contactless, fast response, and simple controlling. The principle and research situation of EBs were given to
expand their application scopes and functions. The application status, the structure, the working principle and
the control method of EBs were discussed to three main EBs including the eddy current retarder, the rotary eddy
current retarder, and the self-excited retarder for commercial vehicle. The results show that the key technologies
are the external and inner characteristics of the electromagnetic brakes, the matching designs and the design
of control strategy and the controller of united braking system of both electromagnetic and friction. Technology
focus for electromagnetic braking will be the integrated system of electromagnetic brakes and frictional brakes,
and function extension of electromagnetic brake system.

Along with the development of economy and vehicle technology, traffic accidents have some particular characteristics including the high mortality of vulnerable road users and ‘nonstandard groups’ of people, crash incompatibility, high death rate of single-vehicle accidents, and a significant number of accidents caused by drivers’ insufficient perception. The developing trends of active safety technologies and passive safety technologies in terms of each subsystem by analyzing the traffic accident data in China, Europe and the United States since 2000. The main trends of passive safety include protection on vulnerable road users, adaptive passenger protection, crash compatibility and adaptive crashworthiness. The main trends of active safety include vehicle dynamic management and intelligent driving assistant. The comprehensive safety technology integrating the active and passive safety will be an important trend for the development of future vehicles.

Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology has already made tremendous advances. However,
performance, cost, and durability remain the key problems before PEM fuel cells can be successfully commercialized. This
paper is a review of current status in the study of PEM fuel cells and the existing challenges for their use in electrical vehicle
(EV) applications,basedon a survey of the published literature. In reviewing the current status, we introduce presentstate-ofthe-
art PEM fuel cell technology for EV applications and look at key technical achievements. PEM fuel cell research has made
particularly significant progress in improving performance, cost, and durability, primarily focusing on the main components of
the stack and system. Nonetheless, commercialization of fuel cell electrical vehicle (FCEV) applications is still confronted with
performance, cost, and durability hurdles, hindering the achievement of the 2010/2015 US DOE (Department of Energy) targets.
The maintenance of fuel cell vehicles as another component of their future commercializationwas also reviewed.

Safe-driving was assisted with key parameters calibrated according to the driver’s characteristics
using a developed system of vehicle collision warning and collision avoidance (CW/CA). The system defines the
inverse of time-to-collision (TTC-1) as the evaluation index with the grading warning and braking safe distance
model adopted based on hazardous level ε . A millimeter waveradar obstacle detection method was designed
with adaptive cruise control (ACC). The system configuration and control logic were designed based on a Jetta
car with the collision avoidance test and the manual / automatic interaction test implemented on dry roads. The
real car experiments show that the CW/CA system in accordance with desired TTC-1 index improves vehicle
active safety, and embodies the driver’s priority and cooperation.

  Contactless power transfer systems are desirable having more compact and lightweight for electric vehicles (EVs) recharging. A transformer of the system was developed according to the criteria of having high efficiency, a large air gap, and good tolerance to misalignment. The transformer uses series and parallel capacitors with rectangular cores and double-sided windings, with the size of 240 mm×300 mm×40 mm, the gap length of (70 ± 20) mm, the misalignment tolerance in the lateral direction of ± 125 mm, and the secondary mass of 4.6 kg. The characteristics of the system were studied with a charge control circuit and lead acid batteries being connected to the secondary winding. The results show that an output power of 1.5 kW and efficiency of 95% was achieved in the normal position and that the system has acompact-structure, light-weight, and satisfies the above criteria.

Diesel engine has advantages of low fuel consumption, high torque output and wide power range,
and has been widely used in transportation and engineering machinery as a power. The diesel powered
vehicles can only meet future stringent emission regulations using aftertreatment devices. This paper compared
the different vehicle emission regulations in Europe, the USA, Japan and China, and analyzed in-cylinder and
aftertreatment technical approaches to meet the emission regulations for light-duty and heavy-duty diesel
vehicles. The research status of the mainstream aftertreatment technologies like diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC),
nitrogen oxides (NOx) selective catalytic reduction (SCR), lean NOx trap (LNT) and diesel particulate filter (DPF)
was described and discussed. The future development of the diesel emission regulations and aftertreatment
technologies was prospected.

Temperature sensitivity statistics were collected and analyzed for lithium-ion battery (LIB) of electric
vehicles (EV) based on survey of papers and patents. The results show that low and high temperatures have
great effect on the performances, respectively, severely affecting the operation and the market penetration of
EVs. To mitigate this problem, some techniques are used including changing raw material properties, optimizing
cell designs, and using battery thermal management systems (BTMS). Further research for temperature
sensitivity is to improve the cathode materials and anode materials of LIB to increase electric conductivities
and ionic conductivities; to optimize electrode structures and cell structures to uniform thermal and electrical
distribution; to develop new protocols for alternating current (AC) preheating/charging at low temperatures; and
to incorporate the liquid cooling method.

Since China promised to “reach the carbon peak in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060” at the 75th United Nations General Assembly in September 2020, the Paris Agreement signed by major countries and regions in 2016 has controlled the rise of global temperature and accelerated carbon neutrality policies and actions. As the leading power of a large number of road and non-road mobile machinery and national defense equipment, internal combustion engine (ICE) not only undertakes the important mission of energy saving and emission reduction in the near and medium term, but also faces great challenges and important opportunities on how to achieve carbon neutrality in the future. Based on the analysis of carbon neutrality policies and actions in major European countries, America, Japan and China, this paper puts forward two technical paths and their feasibility of low-carbon and zero carbon of ICE in the near and medium term, as well as the key technologies to be solved for zero carbon ICE fueled by biomass fuel, green hydrogen, green ammonia and green electricity synthesized fuel (e-fuel). It aims to explore the road of sustainable development for the future of ICE. Existing research shows that ICE, as an efficient and high power density thermal engine for converting chemical energy into mechanical energy, still has a large room for energy saving through the combination of electrification and intelligent technologies. Compared with fuel cell power, ICE has a more complete industrial chain, higher technical maturity and lower cost. By utilizing zero carbon fuels, ICE can still be widely used in large-scale power equipment such as heavy trucks, construction machinery, ships and aviation, so as to promote the early realization of carbon peak and carbon neutrality in China’s energy and transportation field.

Durability is one of the challenges for the commercialization of fuel cell vehicles. The mechanisms and solutions
for fuel cell degradation are elucidated from the material and system point of view. In the aspect of fuel cell system, typical
operating processes are analyzed, such as driving cycles, start-stop, low load and idle conditions, in which reactant starvation,
dynamic potential scanning and local high potential have significant impacts on the fuel cell durability. Feasible strategies are also
discussed for mitigating the degradation. The current state and perspective are addressed on the durability of key material in fuel
cells, i.e., catalyst, catalyst support, proton exchange membrane, membrane electrode assembly and bipolar plate. The effective
methods to enhance the fuel cell durability should be based on both the material innovation and system improvement. Currently,
the improvement on system control strategy is a feasible way to prolong fuel cell lifetime although it has been result in a complex
system. Nevertheless, material innovation is a long term task to promote the fuel cell durability. Fuel cells with advanced durable
materials and simply system is a desirable goal for the fuel cell vehicle application.

Commercial vehicles are an important force in road transportation and a large carbon emitter. Realizing the green transformation and development of commercial vehicles is an important breakthrough in accelerating the achievement of the “Carbon-Peak and Carbon-Neutrality” target in the automotive industry. However, policy-driven and market demand have posed new challenges and requirements for the development of commercial vehicle technology, especially with the emergence of multiple technological routes for power transmissions. This paper focuses on the application scenarios of medium and heavy trucks, light and pickup trucks, and buses under different power sources such as traditional fuel, hybrid, pure electric, and hydrogen fuel cell, and analyzes the technical characteristics, product spectrum, applicability in different scenarios, and technological development trends of power transmission systems for commercial vehicles. A new prospect is put forward for the development of power transmission technologies for commercial vehicles to provide a reference for the technical path selection and technological innovation and development of commercial vehicle transmissions.

This paper summarizes the developments for vehicles and fuels in an energy and environmentally
constrained world to solve transportation problems of air pollution, energy insecurity, and climate change. The
results show that as the regulatory landscape in Europe and North America has recently moved to reductions
of greenhouse gas emission caused by motor vehicles, efficient vehicle technologies and low-carbon fuels will
play increasingly important roles in the transportation sector. Globally, multiple solutions are being pursued. Such
solutions include efficient vehicle technologies, clean fuels, alternative fuels (including biofuels, advanced biofuels),
and electric drive technologies such as hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and battery-powered electric vehicles. Strong
regulatory requirements for energy conservation and emission reductions for motor vehicles can continue to provide
a platform and incentives for research, development, and deployment of these vehicle and fuel technologies.

Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) was perhaps the most attractive topic during
the last decade for engine combustion researchers so was subsequently investigated more intensively than other
engine technologies. Its application has stagnated at the present but its derivatives such as partially premixed
compression ignition (PPCI) still remain as promising alternatives to the conventional combustion systems. This
paper presents an overview of the research on HCCI and its derivatives and it also provides a future outlook of
the next generation of new combustion systems in relation to the concept of premixed compression ignition. It is
believed that multiple injections of multiple fuels using even higher compression ratios combined with boosting
will be the way forwards for high efficiency engines and this development trend will likely lead to merging of
diesel and gasoline engine technologies using premixed compression ignition.

Driven by both national policies and market demand, Chinese automakers have achieved breakthroughs in hybrid powertrain technology since 2021. They have launched a range of hybrid electric vehicles tailored to the market demand and consumer preference in China, embodying distinct Chinese characteristics and leading globally in the field. Recently, the sales of hybrid electric vehicles have exploded. In 2023, sales of hybrid passenger cars in the Chinese market exceeded 3 million units, marking an 83% year-on-year increase. However, influenced by the electrification megatrend, there still exists the viewpoint in the automotive industry that hybrid electric vehicles are merely transitional technology. Some consumers are also skeptical about the domestic hybrid electric vehicles. To correct these biased perceptions, this paper explores China's hybrid vehicle powertrain technology routes, focuses on diversified hybrid architectures and dedicated core components, and introduces a novel definition for the degree of hybridization, serving as a generalized index for evaluating the level of electrification in powertrains. It compares the mainstream hybrid technologies both domestically and internationally, analyzes cutting-edge features and development trends. The research highlights that Chinese hybrid electric vehicles feature large-capacity power batteries and plug-in hybrid technology, allowing for flexible integration and agile synergies between power sources (engine and motor) and energy sources (power battery and range-extending system). Compared to internal combustion engine vehicles, hybrids enable focusing on improvement in engine thermal efficiency, engine operating efficiency, and overall fuel economy through electric drive integration. In contrast to battery electric vehicles, hybrids mitigate range anxiety cost-effectively by using the engine-generated electricity. They also achieve endurant and strong power output at lower hardware costs by leveraging mechanical drivetrain technologies such as engine driving and transmission torque amplification. These distinctive advantages position hybrid electric vehicles as pivotal in steering the automotive industry towards a carbon-neutral direction in the long term. The sharpened insight into today’s market and clarified vision of the future presented in the article could be beneficial to the further advancement of hybrid powertrain technology in China.

With the rapid advancement of intelligent connected technology, the functionalities of intelligent vehicular terminals equipped in connected vehicles have correspondingly expanded. After decades of development, these intelligent vehicular terminal systems have made significant progress in various domains and demonstrated substantial potential in the field of autonomous driving. This paper begins with the current status of intelligent vehicular terminals within the connected environment, describes the architecture of these systems, and reviews their evolutionary journey facilitated by intra-vehicle communication and vehicle-to-road cooperative empowerment. Furthermore, the paper delves into the profound impact of innovations in vehicular network wireless communication technology in the 5G era on the development of intelligent vehicular terminals. It also thoroughly reviews recent research achievements in cooperative driving and control, edge computing and fog computing, and digital twinning, while also anticipating the challenges these terminals face in information security and autonomous driving testing.

Accurate understanding of dynamic traffic scenarios is a crucial manifestation of the intelligence in autonomous vehicle (AV). Therefore, it is essential to validate its effectiveness through comprehensive, rational, and efficient testing and evaluation methods. To keep abreast of the research progress in test and evaluation on the cognitive capabilities of autonomous driving, this paper first delves the core issues existing in the field of AV test from macro, meso and micro perspectives. It explores in depth the cognitive correlations between AV and human driver. Secondly, based on the “pyramid” model architecture for AV test, it comprehensively reviews the latest research findings in key test scenario generation, virtual simulation test, hybrid virtual-real test, real-road test and cognitive capability evaluation. Finally, it highlights the challenges faced in the field of test and evaluation for AV cognitive capabilities and outlines future development trends. This comprehensive review will provide an important reference for the iterative evolution and functional validation of AV technology.

With the introduction of Chinese goals of “carbon peak” and “carbon neutrality”, the low-carbon and zero-carbon transition of internal combustion engines is imperative. Ammonia, as a zero-carbon fuel and a high-energy-density carrier for hydrogen, is a promising alternative fuel for achieving carbon neutrality in the near to mid-term. Developing ammonia-hydrogen combustion technology for high-power, zero-carbon internal combustion engines is of significant importance for global climate governance. This paper analyzes the potential of ammonia as a future green energy source and its practical applications in internal combustion engines. It reviews the latest advancements in ammonia-hydrogen engine combustion from the aspects of combustion modes, reaction kinetics of ammonia-hydrogen fuel, and fuel supply methods, comparing three combustion modes (spark ignition/homogeneous compression ignition/jet ignition), two ammonia supply methods (gaseous port injection/liquid ammonia direct injection), and two jet ignition methods (active/passive). A promising technology of ammonia-hydrogen synergy combustion based on online ammonia cracking to produce hydrogen from a single liquid ammonia fuel tank is proposed and discussed. Key technical and scientific issues to be addressed in spray, combustion, and nitrogen-based emission control are also pointed out. Research indicates that using a small amount of hydrogen (less than 3%) to ignite ammonia-air mixtures in ammonia-hydrogen engines can achieve stable combustion and high thermal efficiency while extending the lean limit. Ammonia-hydrogen synergy zero-carbon high-power internal combustion engines, as efficient and reliable application carriers for ammonia fuel, have broad application potential and value in heavy-duty vehicles, construction machinery, ocean-going vessels, and power generation. The development of ammonia-hydrogen engines can advance fundamental combustion theory and revitalize China's internal combustion engine industry.

As global traffic congestion and safety concerns become increasingly prominent, the widespread application of autonomous driving technology is considered a vital solution. Two prominent areas of research in autonomous driving are single autonomous driving (SAD) and intelligent vehicle-infrastructure collaboration systems (i-VICS). This paper explores the fundamental concepts and critical technologies of both. In terms of SAD, the focus is on perception, localization, decision-making, planning, and control execution, while i-VICS is centered on cooperative perception, collaborative localization, vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, and hierarchical cloud control. Furthermore, it reviews the progress of research in these technologies and summarizes the development paths chosen by China, the United States, Germany, and Japan. The transformative impact of these technologies on the commercial and industrial supply chains is also examined. Finally, the paper analyzes the technical challenges faced by both SAD and i-VICS, along with the social and legal challenges of autonomous driving, offering insights into future development directions, and providing a reference for the innovation and application of autonomous driving technology.

Electric vehicles, as the core of transportation electrification, play an active role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving energy efficiency. The significant growth in electric vehicle ownership and market share has impacted charging infrastructure, highlighting issues such as inadequate charging facilities and fluctuations in grid load. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the fundamental concepts, calculation methods, and assessment metrics related to transportation network capacity and power network capacity. It analyses the evaluation methods for the integration of transportation and energy networks and the resilience of their convergence. The paper explores potential challenges and strategies for transportation-power integration systems. It identifies urgent research gaps and outlines future research directions, aiming to optimize the efficiency of charging infrastructure, alleviate traffic congestion, and ensure the stable operation of the power grid.

A human-like safe-speed-planning method was proposed for vehicle curve entry considering coasting and safe-speed based on the chaos theory and the real curve driving velocity data to improve the safety, the comfort and the travel efficiency of autonomous vehicles. A comfort mode and an efficiency mode were constructed through formulating the curve-entry speed-planning problem of autonomous vehicles as the multi-objective optimization problems. A singularity velocity was defined to simplify the constraint condition with high-order and non-linear characteristics and to improve its computation efficiency. The results show that both the lateral accelerations and the longitudinal accelerations satisfied the friction circle constraint for the proposed strategy, with guaranteeing the driving safety in different curve scenarios. Compared with the method regardless of coasting, the maximum longitudinal acceleration, which are generated by the proposed strategy, was reduced by 9.76% in the comfort mode with the travel efficiency being improved by 61.73%. In the efficiency mode, the longitudinal accelerations values are the acceleration threshold, which satisfy the acceleration constraint with an increase of 88% in traffic efficiency. Therefore, both the comfort mode and the efficiency mode achieve a balance between comfort and travel efficiency.

A black spot discrimination method for road-traffic accidents was proposed based on spatiotemporal combination to improve the identification accuracy, and to assist the prevention and control of traffic accidents. The spatiotemporal overlap rate was used to measure the road danger degree; the cumulative frequency of the spatiotemporal overlap rate was fitted by using the hyperbolic tangent function; and the point corresponding to the fitted-function curvature minimum-radius was stipulated as the critical value; and the spatiotemporal composite points, which were larger than the critical value, were discriminated as the accident black spots; The traffic accident data collected by the Traffic Police Brigade of the Second Jurisdiction of the Chengnan (Chengdu-Nanchong) Expressway were utilized to conduct an example study. A total of 13 accident black spots was discriminated from 64 effective cases by utilizing the time-space composite method. The results show that the Crash Prediction Accuracy Index (CPAI) values are 2.29, 2.03, 2.03, 2.29, respectively for the accident frequency method, for the cumulative frequency curve method, the kernel density analysis method, and the spatiotemporal overlap rate method. It means that the spatiotemporal overlap rate method has good discriminatory accuracy. The spatiotemporal overlap rate method, which combines both spatial and temporal dimensions, increases the reliability of black spot discrimination.

Based on the National Vehicle Networking Industry Standard System Construction Guide (Intelligent Connected Vehicle) (2023 Edition), and following a thorough analysis of the intelligent connected vehicle standards system, this paper proposes a development pathway for standards in the intelligent networking domain and directions for coordinating international standard regulations, with a focus on automotive intelligence, network connectivity, automotive electronics, and comprehensive safety. Through an in-depth study of the technical system of driving automation, representative products, and application scenarios, a systematic framework and standardization route for advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving systems (ADS) have been established. By analyzing the technological and application scenarios of vehicular network communications, a standard system for network functions and applications, along with a standardization route, has been proposed. The current research status of automotive electromagnetic compatibility, electronic environmental and reliability assessment, automotive chips, and automotive electronics subfields has been reviewed, leading to the proposal of a standardization route for automotive electronics. Considering comprehensive safety, a four-dimensional safety concept for intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) has been introduced, encompassing functional safety, anticipated functional safety, cybersecurity, and data security. The key components of each safety standard system have been discussed, and the standardization routes for these safety standards have been outlined. Finally, the paper explores the development of international standards and regulations for ICVs and the collaborative relationship between Chinese standards and international standards and regulations. In alignment with the developmental requirements of China’s intelligent connected vehicle (ICV) technology and standards, as well as the harmonization trends in international standards and regulations, this paper offers strategic insights and recommendations for the establishment of China’s ICV standard system and the development of key standards.

The peak section force (F_max) of battery modules of an electric vehicle exceeded the safety range under side pole collision condition. The parameter optimization of the sill beam section was carried out to improve battery collision safety and achieve weight reduction of the vehicle body. 26 thicknesses or position parameters were selected as optimization variables to reduce F_max and the mass of sill beam. The maximum compression deformation(d_max) and plastic strain(ε_pmax)of battery modules were chosen as constrains. Firstly, the optimal Latin hypercube method was employed to generate samples. A fully connected neural network was established as approximation model based on samples, and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms-Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ) was employed for multi-objective optimization. Finally, optimization results were verified through simulation. The results show that the F_max of battery modules is decreased from 21.8 kN to less than 20 kN, indicating safety requirement is eventually satisfied. Meanwhile, the mass of sill beam is reduced by 1.41%~4.02%, which means lightweight design is also achieved. Further analysis shows that d_max and ε_pmax of battery modules are also reduced synchronously in some solutions, which improves battery collision safety comprehensively in the meantime of weight reduction.

An active steering fault-tolerant control strategy was proposed based on an event triggering mechanism to improve the stability of distributed driving electric vehicles when a single wheel or single side in-wheel motors failed. A fault state observer based on linear matrix inequalities was designed, and a fault-tolerant switching mechanism based on residual evaluation function was established. The distributed-model predictive cooperative control strategy was adopted based on Pareto optimization theory to realize the optimal distribution mechanism of fault-tolerant control for vehicle chassis active steering system and yaw moment control system. Simulation experiments were carried out on the hardware-in-loop platform based on the integration of the software Matlab/Simulink and the software CarSim. The results show that the yaw rate displacement tracking error is reduced by 14.9%, and the lateral displacement tracking error is reduced by 28.2%, in the case of constant deviation or variable gain fault of in-wheel motor under double lane change condition with high/low road adhesion coefficients. Therefore, the fault tolerance and the stability of distributed driving electric vehicles are realized under the failure of wheel hub motor.

A adaptive autoencoder was proposed to solve the problem of reducing and reconstructing the biomechanics response curve of collision dummy. The adaptive autoencoder method was constructed based on the standard autoencoder principle and the dummy biomechanics-response-curve characteristics with adding some constraints. The synthetic acceleration curve data were selected as sample data after data cleaning and sampling for the dummy-head gravity-center. The correlation number and the reconstruction mean square error of the standard autoencoder and the adaptive autoencoder are calculated; while the linear and nonlinear reduction and reconstruction ability were compared and verified for the adaptive autoencoder. The results show that the adaptive autoencoder has a reconstruction error of 2.6% for linear dimensionality and 2.4% for nonlinear dimensionality, while the covariance value is close to 0 for the low-dimensional data. Therefore, the adaptive autoencoder proposed in this paper implements linear and nonlinear dimensionality reduction and dimensionality reconstruction with a highly independent for the low-dimensional data.

Under low temperature and high-rate charging, the graphite anode of lithium-ion battery will have a lithium plating phenomenon, which has a serious impact on the life and safety of the battery. An on-line detection method based on characteristic impedance and sliding t-test was proposed to realize the on-line detection of lithium plating of lithium-ion battery under variable current fast charge condition. The characteristic frequency impedance was measured in real time by superimposing 1 Hz sinusoidal excitation alternating current on the direct current charging. Based on the correlation between the change of the real part of characteristic impedance and the lithium plating of the negative electrode of the battery, an on-line detection method of lithium plating starting point based on sliding t-method was proposed for the fast-charging condition of variable current. The results show that this method can realize the delayed identification of the initial point of lithium plating within 5%SOC during the charging process, which is conducive to forming a closed-loop charging strategy and minimizing the harm of lithium plating.

The bidirectional communication delay in connected vehicle platoon systems can significantly impact the control performance of the platoon. In extreme cases, it may even result in instability or collisions. A cloud-based distributed control algorithm was proposed, fully considering the bidirectional communication delay between vehicles and the cloud. Under certain assumptions, the vehicle platoon under cloud control was modeled with sampled control system methods, leading to the unification of bidirectional communication delay. A state feedback distributed controller was designed using the Riccati inequality, and the Lyapunov-Razumikhin theorem was utilized to analyze the asymptotic stability of the control algorithm, establishing the relationship between the upper bound of time-varying delay and the communication topology and coupling gain. The results show that the existence of an optimal coupling gain maximizes the tolerated upper bound of delay, and the ratio of the maximum to minimum eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrix of the communication topology is negatively correlated with the upper bound.

An enhanced structure with negative Poisson's ratio was proposed to improve the structural durability and achieve light-weighting of vehicles. The enhanced structural consisted of embedded tubes, which composed of thin-walled square tubes imbedded into double arrow lattice. The coupling effect between the negative Poisson's ratio structure and the embedded tubes was enhanced through the shrinking effect of negative Poisson's ratio. A finite element model of the enhanced structure was established with its accuracy being verified through compression tests. By using numerical methods, the durability performances of the double arrow lattice structure, the structure-filled tubes, and the enhanced structure with negative Poisson's ratio embedded tubes under axial loads were compared, and parameter analysis was conducted. The results show that the total absorbed energy of the enhanced structure is 1.12 MJ, an increase of about 40% compared to the double arrow lattice structure and filled tube structure; The specific energy absorption is 13.2 kJ, an increase of about 30%; The structure-filled tube structure with short beam angle of 70°, long beam angle of 40°, long beam thickness of 1.4~1.6 mm, and short beam thickness of 1.2 mm has greater specific energy absorption and smaller collision peak force; Increasing the thickness of embedded tubes significantly improves durability performance, but the structural mass increases sharply; The embedded tube thickness of around 1.2 mm meets the requirements of durability and light-weighting simultaneously.

Vehicle detection and lane segmentation are important components of automatic driving sensing system, and their basic requirements are high precision and real-time. Therefore, a dual-task multi-scale feature aggregation network (MSFA-Net) was proposed, which was composed of one feature extraction network and two detection branch networks, and realized the simultaneous detection of vehicles and lane lines. First, E-ELAN network was used to construct the shared backbone feature network. Convolutional basic structure plus (CBS+) was designed for bottom-up feature fusion to improve accuracy in vehicle detection branch. To enhance the accuracy of discontinuous and nonlinear lane segmentation in lane segmentation branch, FeatFuse module was proposed for adaptive weight fusion of multi-features and context dilated convolutional basic structure (CDBS) for sampling fusion features through multi-dilation convolution of trapezoidal structure. The results show that on the BDD100K dataset, the average accuracy, recall rate and pixel accuracy of MSFA-Net reach 81.3%, 90.1% and 80.1% respectively, and the detection frame rate reaches 41.6 frames /s, which can better adapt to the needs of real-life driving scenarios.

With the rapid advancement of China's automobile industry and the swift increase in car ownership, the challenges posed by energy crisis, environmental pollution and traffic safety have become increasingly pronounced. Automobile lightweight technology is one of the most effective solutions to these issues. This paper reviews the current research status of automobile lightweight technology, and explores its future development prospects. Three primary approaches to achieving automotive lightweighting are identified: the utilization of lightweight materials, structural design optimization and advanced manufacturing processes. Lightweight materials mainly encompass ultra-high strength steel, aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy and other metallic materials, as well as polymer materials, composite materials, and other non-metallic materials. Structural design optimization involves topology optimization, shape optimization, size optimization and multidisciplinary design optimization for both whole vehicles and individual components. Advanced manufacturing processes include welding, riveting, similar/dissimilar material joining techniques and integrated die casting and other material forming technologies. The progression of lightweight technology is of great significance to the sustainable development of China's automobile transportation industry.

A novel Controller Area Network (CAN) bus anomaly detection algorithm characterized by its adaptability to low anomaly traffic and strong generalization capability was proposed to enhance the safety of Intelligent Connected Vehicles (ICVs). The algorithm aimed to address potential and hard-to-detect abnormalities that may arise in vehicles, significantly improving the detection accuracy of anomalous data. This study explored the theoretical significance of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and collected four types of attack data and two types of rare alarm data from an intelligent connected bus. The anomaly degree was assessed based on the reconstruction error of the computed data to validate the algorithm's adaptability. The results show that the proposed algorithm achieves an F1 score of 98.31% and a false positive rate of 2.90% on the low-traffic dataset Data4, surpassing the baseline model and the Deep Convolutional GAN (DCGAN) algorithm. Moreover, the false positive rate for rare alarm data is reduced to 3%, indicating that the algorithm is well-suited for low-traffic anomaly detection and exhibits strong generalization capabilities.

Frontal crash simulation experiments were made with a comparative analysis of the kinematics and loads of its occupants, to investigate the crash safety of occupants in autonomous vehicles with different sitting positions such as representative occupant attitudes (including variations in head, upper limbs and torso). The results show that in the frontal collision simulation experiment, the comprehensive injury risk of leaning passengers is higher than that of other postures. Compared to the conversational posture, the leaning posture resulted in a 45.5% increase in chest compression, more rib fractures, and a 48.8% increase in visceral organ strain. The left leaning posture significantly reduces the risk of injury, with a 49.1% decrease in head injury risk and a 14.4% decrease in chest injury risk. Therefore, the occupant injury can be reduced by adjusting the occupant posture before the vehicle collision, so as to improve the collision safety of autonomous vehicle.

A linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control method with incorporating articulated angle deviation and steering angle compensation was proposed to address the issue of path deviation of semi-trailer in the process of driving of autonomous container trucks. Based on the three-degree-of-freedom dynamic model of the truck, a path tracking error model was established with considering articulated angle deviation. The linear quadratic regulator(LQR) path tracking controller was designed by compensating for the steering angle using the proportion-integral-derivative (PID) algorithm. A joint simulation platform was built using MATLAB/Simulink and TruckSim to perform simulation analysis under different condition. The results show that the average deviation in distance between the tractor and the desired path is reduced by more than 62%, and the average deviation in distance between the semi-trailer and the desired path is reduced by more than 31% by adopting the proposed path tracking algorithm and introducing PID steering compensation. The heading deviation and articulation angle deviation are also improved. Therefore, the proposed control algorithm demonstrates good path tracking performance, enhancing accuracy and stability in tracking the desired trajectory.