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Welcome to Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy,
汽车安全与节能学报

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  • 2024, Vol. 15 No. 1 Published on:29 February 2024 Previous issue    Next issue
    Review, Progress and Prospects
    A state-of-the-art review on the integrated development technology of electric vehicles and clean energy
    ZHU Ming, JI Jinhua, JIN Sheng, JI Yuting, BIE Yiming
    2024, 15(1):  1-19.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.01.001
    Abstract ( 551 )   HTML ( 43)   PDF (2593KB) ( 2878 )  

    The clean energy power generation technology represented by photoelectric and wind power can provide clean power supply for electric vehicles, reduce the carbon emissions of the whole life cycle, and help the realization of the “dual carbon” strategic goal in the field of transportation, so it has been rapidly developed in recent years. In order to promote the application of transportation and energy integration technology and clarify the key issues in related research, this paper reviews the research progress of domestic and foreign scholars in the integration technology of electric vehicles and clean energy in the past 10 years. Firstly, the necessity and practical significance of the integrated development of the two are introduced. Secondly, the existing research results are divided into two categories: highway environment and urban road environment, and the current research results of electric vehicle and clean energy integration technology are summarized from the three levels of power grid, charging station and vehicle. And finally, considering the strong random fluctuations in clean energy power generation and electric vehicle charging, Some suggestions on the future development direction are put forward, such as strengthening the integrated development of public energy, constructing a variety of complementary clean energy generation strategies, establishing the integrated optimization technology of “source-network-charge-storage”, strengthening the self-consistent energy scheduling of distributed micro-grid, and strengthening the operation and management of wireless photovoltaic charging roads.

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    Automotive Safety
    Vehicle simulation and subjective and objective evaluation based on the nonlinear air spring model
    WU Mingyu, GUO Peilin, LI Yaochao, WANG Shiwei, HOU Jie, WEI Yintao
    2024, 15(1):  20-28.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.01.002
    Abstract ( 184 )   HTML ( 17)   PDF (1573KB) ( 1918 )  

    As the application of the nonlinear air spring model, this paper conducted the dynamic simulation and subjective evaluation of the air suspension vehicle. Combined with frequency and amplitude dependency of the dynamic stiffness model of the air spring and Simulink simulation, a 7 degree-of-freedom model for vehicle with air suspension system was proposed. The root mean square value and power spectral density of suspension dynamic travel and sprung acceleration under different road conditions were compared. The dynamic characteristics of the air suspension vehicle under different speeds, road surfaces and shock absorber damping conditions were analyzed from the perspectives of time and frequency domain. The subjective and objective tests were carried out on the vehicle equipped with different air springs. The results show that the prediction error of suspension dynamic travel is less than 7%, and the prediction error of sprung position acceleration resonance peak value and resonance frequency is less than 6%. Therefore, the results verify the universality and accuracy of the proposed model. The model can reflect the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle with air suspension, and can provide mechanism explanations for subjective and objective ride comfort tests.

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    Impact damage analysis and minimum penetration energy prediction of CFRP laminated cylindrical shell for automotive applications
    WANG Danqi, WU Lintao, NIE Bingbing, CHE Wenchuan, ZOU Tiefang, ZHANG Junyuan
    2024, 15(1):  29-38.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.01.003
    Abstract ( 147 )   HTML ( 11)   PDF (2705KB) ( 143 )  

    The damage and energy absorption characteristics of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminated cylindrical shells under the condition of drop hammer impact were studied to explore the application prospect of CFRP in automotive curved parts. Based on the homogenization method of composite materials, a multi-scale model of CFRP laminated cylindrical shells was established to investigate the effect of radius of curvature on the impact damage and energy absorption of CFRP laminated cylindrical shells under the penetration condition. The functional relationship between the minimum penetration energy and the material parameters of the laminated cylindrical shell, structural parameters and drop hammer parameters was established with the nonlinear fitting method, so as to realize the rapid prediction of the minimum penetration energy at the conceptual design stage. Compared with the simulation results, the error of the fitting formula is less than 20%. The results show that the peak load width of laminated cylindrical shell is larger and more stable than that of flat plate. Under the impact of 60 J, the damage area of each layer of the laminated cylindrical shell is relatively uniform, and the damage area of the fiber is independent of the curvature radius, and the damage area of the matrix increases with the curvature radius. When the radius of curvature is 100 mm, the laminated shell has good bearing capacity and deformation resistance, and has good impact resistance. When the curvature radius is 200 mm, the laminated shell dissipates the most energy, and the energy absorption effect is better.

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    Injury characteristics and protection of driver's tibia caused by accelerator pedal mounted on floor in frontal offset collision
    KANG Wei, WANG Gang, JU Chunxian, WANG Yu, GUO Jianbao
    2024, 15(1):  39-46.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.01.004
    Abstract ( 163 )   HTML ( 13)   PDF (2779KB) ( 159 )  

    The driver's femur and tibia injury characteristics from the accelerator pedal mounted on floor in Euro NCAP frontal offset crash were investigated with formulating corresponding femur and tibia protection strategy. Including analyzing the characteristics of the foot kinematics and the injury curves during crash test for two kinds of vehicles equipped respectively with a body front panel and a floor mounted accelerator pedal on a same platform. An advanced strategy of femur and tibia protection was proposed by using tests and finite element simulation analysis, and was verified in the vehicle crash test. The results show that the tibia injury for the accelerator pedal on body front panel generates mainly in the lower tibia with the high bending moment in X direction caused by foot outward rotation; The injuries of the floor mounted accelerator pedal are small, which occurred in the upper tibia and femur with a high bending moment in Y direction and knee slider displacement caused by the impact of the tibia on the dashboard. By using the advanced strategy, the knee slider is improved by 72.2% with an upper tibia index (TI) of 48.6% compared to the strategy before optimization, while the knee slider displacement (DS) is improved by 11.5% with an upper tibia index of 25% compared to the stages of vehicle mounted accelerator pedal on body front panel.

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    Automotive Energy Efficiency and Environment Protection
    Life-cycle carbon emissions of mini-electric vehicles in China's text
    HAO Xu, LIU Chengyin, JIANG Yutong, WANG Hewu, ZOU Dajiang, ZHONG Ruiheng, DAI Feng
    2024, 15(1):  47-53.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.01.005
    Abstract ( 225 )   HTML ( 19)   PDF (947KB) ( 926 )  

    A life-cycle carbon emission assessment model was developed for mini-electric vehicles in the Chinese context to answer how much carbon reduction would be achieved by mini-electric vehicles in China's context. The research used the GREET (the Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation) model, which including: the cradle-to-gate (CTG), the energy cycle (or well-to-wheel, WTW), and the gate-to-cradle (GTC), based on a typical travel data of 1 030 vehicle·days from mini-electric vehicles. The results show that the mini-electric vehicles' average daily travel distance is 37.2 km, and the daily travel mileage of 73.1% days are less than 50.0 km. With average grid conditions in 2021, the life-cycle carbon emissions (CO2 equivalent) of mini-electric vehicles are 26.8 t per vehicle with the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) driving cycle, which is about 33% lower than that of internal combustion engine vehicles in the same class. The WTW carbon emission (CO2 equivalent) of a mini-electric vehicle is 19.3 t, accounting for 72% of life-cycle emissions. The improvement of power-grid cleanliness and the increase in the power-battery recycling rate of will help to further reduce the carbon emission by pure electric mini vehicles.

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    Dynamic simulation of heating system in fuel cell vehicles based on thermal storage device assistance
    SONG Zehua, CHEN Hao, GUO Hang, YE Fang, ZHANG Weibo
    2024, 15(1):  54-62.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.01.006
    Abstract ( 103 )   HTML ( 5)   PDF (1774KB) ( 62 )  

    A heating schedule of fuel cell vehicles, which was based on heat pumps combined with thermal storage system was proposed to facilitate the pre-heating of fuel cell vehicles and increase the cold-start rates with decreasing the energy consuming of fuel cell vehicles. The dynamic simulation of fuel cell vehicle system was carried out, and the influence of the system with or without heat storage device on the vehicle operation was compared. The results show that in freezing environments, the heat storage unit ensures the continuity of the heat source of the circulating coolant during the driving cycle, and the heat pump and combined heat storage heating solution can reduce the energy consumption of the air conditioning system by 26% compared to the thermal management system without the heat storage unit, indicating that the heating system assisted by the heat storage device can improve the cold start characteristics of fuel cell electric vehicles in winter and optimize the thermal management of the vehicle battery system.

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    Influence of coal-based fuel combustion particles on DPF deposition process
    ZHU Xinchang, LIU Shuai, WANG Zhong, HUA Lun, SHUAI Shijin
    2024, 15(1):  63-70.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.01.007
    Abstract ( 92 )   HTML ( 6)   PDF (2031KB) ( 44 )  

    The study explored the changes in the structural characteristics of exhaust particulate matter when diesel engines burn alternative fuels. Based on diesel engine bench tests, particles were collected under calibrated conditions using F-T (Fischer-Tropsch) synthetic diesel fuel blended with 0%, 5%, and 15% methanol. The friction force and particle size parameters of the particulate matter were measured using synchrotron small-angle scattering analysis. A particle model was established in the EDEM software based on experimental data, simulating the particle collision and deposition process. The results show that as the methanol blending ratio increases, the friction force between methanol and F-T diesel combustion particles increases by 0.6 N, and the average particle size increases by 2.44 nm. During the deposition process, the number of particles deposited on the non-windward side of the Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) unit body increases sharply; the particle deposition efficiency increases with the deposition time; as the friction force and particle size increase, the particle layer thickness and particle chain length also increase. The change in the methanol blending ratio leads to a transformation of particles towards more numerous and finer ones, significantly affecting the deposition state of particles on the DPF substrate due to changes in fuel type and blending ratio.

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    Stability control and energy-saving of an intelligent networked platoon system composed of fuel vehicles and pure electric vehicles
    XU Mingcheng, XU Liwei, YIN Guodong, DONG Fengwei
    2024, 15(1):  71-82.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.01.008
    Abstract ( 123 )   HTML ( 7)   PDF (2933KB) ( 129 )  

    An energy saving strategy and a stability control method were proposed for heterogeneous intelligent connected platoon system composed of fuel vehicles and pure electric vehicles. A nonlinear system dynamics model and an energy consumption model were established for heterogeneous vehicle platoon considering the influence of multiple adverse factors such as the dynamic characteristics of heterogeneous vehicles, the communication delay and the external interference. The single vehicle economic speed was derived based on the energy cost and the backward dynamic programming method. The state tracking error system was constructed according to the proposed energy-saving spacing strategy. The platoon system stability criterion under interference and information delay was given based on the distributed robust control method in continuous time domain. A platoon system containing 4 following vehicles was simulated. The results show that the energy saving effect of following vehicles are improved by 1.90%, 1.25%, 19.11% and 12.22% respectively for the 4 following vehicles under the premise of keeping the platoon system stable.

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    Thermal failure behaviors and the heat efflux characteristics of Li-ion batteries triggered by thermal radiation
    LI Han, WANG Yan, ZHANG Xilong, WANG Hewu, LI Yalun, LU Languang
    2024, 15(1):  83-91.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.01.009
    Abstract ( 125 )   HTML ( 7)   PDF (3793KB) ( 100 )  

    This paper experimentally investigated the temperature characteristics, the mass loss, the change characteristics of heat production behaviors, the spatial efflux temperature and heat flow distribution characteristics for non-contact trigger power lithium-ion batteries of radiant heater during thermal failure. Batteries of 50 Ah Li(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)O2 were taken as the research object to carry out relevant tests based on a lithium-ion battery combustion experiment platform. The results show that 2 eruptions occurred during the battery thermal runaway experiment; The battery surface maximum temperature is 489.2 °C; the highest average temperature rise rate is 27.7 K·s-1; the maximum mass loss rate is 32.7 g·s-1; the battery body total heat release is 1.05 MJ; the highest ambient temperature is 705.3 °C, the flue gas total heat release is 6.56 MJ·m-2, and the maximum ambient temperature of efflux space is higher than the maximum temperature of battery surface. These mean that the flammable gas with high temperature and high-speed aggravate the risk of thermal runaway. These results have significances for the early warning of battery failure, the thermal runaway suppression, and the fire risk control.

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    Control strategy for torque enhancement in Miller engines under high-temperature and high-load conditions
    DONG Tuanjie, YANG Yalian, SHANG Ming
    2024, 15(1):  92-98.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.01.010
    Abstract ( 106 )   HTML ( 9)   PDF (1145KB) ( 97 )  

    In order to solve the problem that the knocking tendency of Miller cycle hybrid engine increases significantly under high temperature and high load, resulting in serious torque loss, the key control parameters such as intake and exhaust phase, injection ratio and injection phase were optimized through bench tests, and the temperature correction was introduced into the engine control logic according to the operating characteristics of the engine under high temperature and high load. The results show that the detonation can be successfully suppressed by adopting some measures such as intake and exhaust phase optimization. The optimized engine torque is increased by 18.5% under 1 600 r/min high temperature full load condition; The high temperature compensation of intake and exhaust phase, fuel injection parameters and ignition angle, and the decoupling of control parameters under different temperatures are realized, which significantly improves the dynamic performance attenuation under high temperature and high load.

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    Intelligent Driving and Intelligent Transportation
    Pedestrian crossing simulation and vehicle right-turn obstacle avoidance path planning method
    LI Wenli, REN Yongpeng, XIAO Kaiwen, SUN Yuanyuan
    2024, 15(1):  99-110.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.01.011
    Abstract ( 144 )   HTML ( 10)   PDF (3411KB) ( 177 )  

    A pedestrian crossing motion model simulating the crossing behavior was proposed to solve the problem of interaction conflict between right-turning vehicles and pedestrians crossing the street on the same side at unsignalized intersections. A vehicle horizontal and vertical decoupling obstacle avoidance path planning algorithm were designed with the simulation experiments carrying out. Enable the vehicle to reasonably switch obstacle avoidance path planning strategies when facing dynamic and static pedestrians. The pedestrian driven by the crossing motion model was taken as the obstacle avoidance object of the vehicle with the vehicle longitudinal-speed planning obstacle distance-time region generated based on the future trajectory of the pedestrian output from the crossing model to make the future movement state of the pedestrian feed back to the vehicle obstacle avoidance. The results show that the accuracy of this pedestrian crossing motion model reaches the 90% of the observed values. Therefore, the model reproduces the current pedestrian crossing process with switching the scheme according to the pedestrian's motion state to make vehicle avoid crossing pedestrians.

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    FWID EV robust weighted gain-scheduling trajectory tracking control based on polytope system
    LI Zhiwen, JIAO Xiaohong, ZHANG Ting
    2024, 15(1):  111-120.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.01.012
    Abstract ( 106 )   HTML ( 8)   PDF (1979KB) ( 84 )  

    Aiming at uncertainty and nonlinearity of the lateral motion system of four-wheel independent drive electric vehicle (FWID EV) and considering the dynamic characteristics of the steering actuator, a robust weighted gain-scheduling trajectory tracking control strategy was proposed based on the linear parameter-varying (LPV) to improve the performance of trajectory tracking control. Firstly, the LPV system was transformed into a polytope system composed of a finite number of polytope vertices using convex decomposition technology. Then, the system controller parameters corresponding to any time-varying parameters were calculated online by the offline-designed controller of each polytope vertex and established linear combination, and co-simulation was carried out using MATLAB and CarSim Simulation. The results show that in the accelerated lane change scenario, the designed controller can ensure high tracking accuracy with the lateral offset error not exceed 2 cm and the average absolute error of lateral offset not exceed 0.9 cm, and driving stability and robustness.

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    Algorithm of fatigue driving behavior recognition based on deep learning model
    ZHANG Haimin
    2024, 15(1):  121-128.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.01.013
    Abstract ( 193 )   HTML ( 15)   PDF (2321KB) ( 587 )  

    A fatigue driving behavior recognition algorithm was proposed based on the deep learning model to identify fatigue driving behavior and to reduce the incidences of road traffic accidents. An illuminance enhancement method and a reflection component equalization method were used to improve the quality of video images. The Machine Vision Toolbox software was used to extract facial behavior features of fatigued drivers. A deep learning model was constructed and trained by using a dual-stream network to achieve fatigue driving behavior recognition. The images of participants' driving behavior in fully enclosed segments during different sleep periods were selected as experimental test targets. The results show that the recognition time is 89 ms, the accuracy is 97.6%, and the recall rate is 97.0% when 1 000 images of fatigue driving behavior are tested by the proposed algorithm; The computing power requirement (floating-point operations per second, FLOPS) is less than or equal to 88. Therefore, this algorithm improves the recognition accuracy of fatigue driving behavior, helps to reduce the incidence of road traffic accidents.

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    Lane-keeping control for commercial vehicles with an MPC algorithm considering parameter estimation
    ZHAO Chongqin, JING Hui, WANG Gang, FENG Huanqin, LIU Fuyun
    2024, 15(1):  129-136.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.01.014
    Abstract ( 154 )   HTML ( 14)   PDF (1763KB) ( 838 )  

    A lane-keeping algorithm was designed with the model predictive control (MPC) algorithm for commercial vehicles equipped with intelligent assisted driving. This algorithm took account parameter estimation and was capable of estimating mass and lateral velocity, which were difficult to directly measure. The extended Kalman filter (EKF) and recursive least squares (RLS) were used to estimate the lateral velocity and the mass of the vehicle, respectively. An MPC lane-keeping controller based on the estimated parameters was designed. A hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) was constructed. Different test conditions were established to verify the lane keeping algorithm. The results show that compared with the ordinary MPC, the time for vehicle correction is reduced by 28.6 % and the overshoot is smaller in the offset return condition. In the highway condition, the root mean square of the lateral error is reduced by 4.2 cm. At low sensor costs, the correction ability and tracking accuracy are improved.

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