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Welcome to Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy,
汽车安全与节能学报

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  • 2014, Vol. 5 No. 01 Published on:25 March 2014 Previous issue    Next issue
    Progress & Prospects
    Research and development of automotive lightweight technology
    FAN Zijie, GUI Liangjin, SU Ruiyi
    2014, 5(01):  1-16.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.01.001
    Abstract ( 1570 )   PDF (2587KB) ( 8723 )  
    Lightweighting of automotive is an important measure for energy conservation and emissions
    reduction with significance for sustainable development of automotive industry. This paper summarizes the
    current research and future trends of automotive lightweight technology in China and in the world from three
    aspects: the structural optimization, the lightweight materials, and the advanced manufacturing technology.
    The review includes the basic principles and research developments of structural size optimization, shape
    optimization, to pological optimization, and multidisciplinary design optimization. And it introduces the
    applications of high-strength steel, aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy, plastic material, composite material;
    as well as the applications of hydroform and laser welding in automotive industry. The authors think that the
    lightweight technology future research area are the improvement of automotive structural optimization theory,
    the multi-material integration, the lightweight components, and the systematization and integration of lightweight
    technology.
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    Current status and trends of the research and development for fuel cell vehicles
    LI Jianqiu, FANG Chuan, XU Liangfei
    2014, 5(01):  17-29.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.01.002
    Abstract ( 1591 )   PDF (1365KB) ( 4713 )  
    A review on the state-of-art in the world for fuel cell technology was given, which is an efficient,
    clean, and new energy technology, including in China, northern America, European Union, Japan, South Korea
    and so on. A comparison analysis was made in different aspects, such as the technical specifications of fuel
    cell vehicles, the lifetime and the environmental adaptability of fuel cell engines, the hydrogen storage system,
    the key materials, the auxiliary system of fuel cells, the demonstration of fuel cell vehicles and the infrastructure
    of hydrogen refueling stations. The results show that global automobile companies are prepared for the
    industrialization of fuel cell vehicles, and will enter mass production stage in 2015; while fuel cell vehicles are still
    in the demonstration stage in China. The future hot points in next generation fuel cell vehicles are the cell life
    extension, the system cost reduction, the hydrogen infrastructure construction, and commercial demonstration.
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    Automotive Safety
    Experimental studies on safety when child restraint system (CRS) misused
    ZHANG Jinhuan, ZHANG Xiong, XIAO Lingyun, WANG Yan, CHEN Yuzhong, LUO Xiao, XU Shucai, MA Chunsheng
    2014, 5(01):  30-37.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.01.003
    Abstract ( 942 )   PDF (1821KB) ( 1659 )  

    Misuse of child restraint system (CRS) is a common issue, although CRS can provide protection
    only under correct use cases. This paper reported a survey on CRS misuse status among parents of children in
    the Beijing area. The survey results show that CRS misuse rate in China is more than 70%, and CRS users have
    little knowledge and awareness of misuse. Based on the CRS misuse data from the survey and from foreign
    countries, sled tests were conducted for 8 types of common CRS misuse. Sled tests results illuminate that the
    should-beltunder-armpit misuse type is the most significant impact on children safety among different misuse
    types, because it can increase HIC15, the head injury criterion (HIC) in an interval of 15 ms, by 500%.

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    Recognition algorithm based on similarity data fusion for vehicle parking space
    PIAO Changhao, WEN Qiuliang, SU Ling, ZHANG Qiang, Lu Sheng
    2014, 5(01):  38-46.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.01.004
    Abstract ( 762 )   PDF (2681KB) ( 1614 )  
    A recognition algorithm based on similarity data fusion was built with a multi-ultrasonic sensor
    detection model to improve the recognition rate in artificial intelligent parallel vehicle parking system. Measured
    data from multi-ultrasonic sensors were fused by using the method after threshold parameters of space edges
    were determined. A multiple linear regression model was established to analyze the influence of vehicle speed
    and transverse distance. A new method using data fusion with double sensors, a traditional method with single
    sensor, and a mean value method with double sensors were compared to estimate recognition success rate.
    The results show that the recognition rate with the new algorithm is 95.4% in simulated parking environment and
    is 90% in actual environment, these rates are better than the rate by the two traditional methods.
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    Improving the subjectivity assessment method of the dummy head injury in the E-NCAP frontal impacting tests
    SHANG Enyi
    2014, 5(01):  47-51.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.01.005
    Abstract ( 1031 )   PDF (1155KB) ( 1751 )  
    The current assessment method has strong subjectivity for dummy head injury in frontal impact test
    in the European New Car Assessment Program (Euro-NCAP). This paper made improvements and gave a new
    assessment method to avoid fine points due to miscarriage of justice. In the new method, the outside forces and
    the accelerations of the dummy head were deduced by d’Alembert's principle, with the outer forceswere being
    directly used to substituting the head acceleration curves by the resultant forces in old method. The new dummy
    head assessment method was used in a 64-km/h frontal offset impact test of the E-NCAP for a developing
    vehicle. The results show that bottoming-out does not happen for current airbag which satisfies deployment
    requirements only with an improper choice for seatbelt. The new result pulls down the conclusion of airbag
    bottoming-outbeing elicited by using the original assessment method. Therefore, the improved assessment
    method is simpler, straighter, and more objective than the original method.
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    Sled test design for ODB crash tests by using restraint system simulation analysis
    ZHAO Hui, XU Xiaoyun, SHAO Yiming,WANG Zhi
    2014, 5(01):  52-57.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.01.006
    Abstract ( 1206 )   PDF (1787KB) ( 1756 )  
    A kind of offset sled tests was designed to resemble whole-vehicle ODB (offset deformable barrier)
    crash tests. A CAE (computer aided engineering) model was built by using MADYMO software for the driver side
    restraint system of a Chang’an Motor’s car. The model was verified to simulate vehicle crash tests with 40% ODB
    at a speed of 64 km/h. The injury parameters of the Hybrid Ⅲ 50th dummy were simulated and analyzed. Two
    variables, the initial fixed rotation angle of sled and the sled acceleration curve, were optimized and determined
    by using the CAE analysis in comparison with vehicle tests. The results show that the injury curves from the
    occupant’s head and chest in the sled tests and from the vehicle tests are close each other in the rate of more
    than 80%. Therefore, the designed sled test set up provides a new method to replace the whole vehicle crash tests in OBD.
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    Simulations for a hydrogen fuel cell bus under rolling-crash and its improved design
    MA Chunsheng, LI Dao, ZHANG Jinhuan
    2014, 5(01):  58-64.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.01.007
    Abstract ( 935 )   PDF (1884KB) ( 1340 )  
    A new evaluation method was established with taking account of the residual space of vehicle
    structure, hydrogen fuel cell and hydrogen tank under rolling-crash. The method was in accordamce with
    the safety regulations and standards of different countries to meet the requirements of the ECE R66 by the
    Economic Commission of Europe. A finite element model (FEM) was made by using LS-DYNA for a hydrogen
    fuel cell bus made in China. The model was used to simulate some schemes for the different arrangements of
    hydrogen tanks and for the condition with adding foamed aluminum bumper beam. The results show that using
    foamed aluminum bumper-beam decreases 30% of the hydrogen tank peak acceleration. Therefore, the vehicle
    hydrogen safety is improved.
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    Effects of seatbelt ectopic position on the dummy’s thorax compression criterion
    MA Weijie, LU Yanbo, ZHU Haitao
    2014, 5(01):  65-69.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.01.008
    Abstract ( 792 )   PDF (1080KB) ( 1437 )  
    The dummy thorax compression displacement is an indicator of the China New Car Assessment
    Program (C-NCAP) to evaluate vehicle passive safety performances. Thorax pendulum calibration tests were
    carried out with a Hybrid Ⅲ 50th dummy atan impact velocity of 3.0 m·s-1 to research the effects of ectopic seat
    belt on the dummy thorax displacements. Four impact points were selected every 20 mm upward from the 0-cm
    point of the normal impact position alongZ axis. Two contrast tests were conducted at a normal seatbelt position
    and an ectopic seatbelt position to analyze the two chest displacement curves. The results show that the chest
    displacements decrease basically in linear, when the deviation of impact position is less than 60 mm upward
    from the 0-cm point of normal chest impact. So, the correct wearing position for seatbelt is at the seatbelt upper
    edge being not exceed the adjustment hole in dummy jacket. Thus, the authors suggest that requirement about
    the wearing range for seatbelt should be added into future new version of the C-CNAP to evaluate more closely
    the true state for the dummy thorax compression criterion.
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    Automotive Energy Efficiency & Environment Protection
    Estimation and predictive control of gasoline engine torque based on Sigmoid-ARX algorithm
    LI Dinggen, YAN Suo, CONG Yaowei
    2014, 5(01):  70-75.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.01.009
    Abstract ( 707 )   PDF (2587KB) ( 1064 )  

    A gasoline engine torque prediction model was designed based on Sigmoid-ARX algorithm to
    improve the accuracy of real-time estimates in torque control strategy. Model parameters were estimated by
    using the Akaike's Final Prediction Error (FPE) method and the normalized mean square error (NMSE) method
    through identification data set, such as valve opening degree and engine speed. A model predictive controller
    (MPC) was designed based on the torque model, tested, and verified. The results show that the relative error
    is less than 5% within the full range of operating conditions having a precise control with a torque overshoot
    of about 6%, and the expected torque output response is 150 Nm within 3 s. Therefore, the control strategy is
    effective to realize accurate control for gasoline engine torque.

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    Numerical simulations and experiments of oxygen-enriched combustion in engine and using liquid oxygen to solidify carbon
    LIU Yongfeng, JIA Xiaoshe, PEI Pucheng, LU Yong
    2014, 5(01):  76-82.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.01.010
    Abstract ( 810 )   PDF (1534KB) ( 1298 )  
    Theoretical and experimental bases were investigated for internal combustion engine using liquid
    oxygen to solidify carbon to verity the feasibility of the closed inlet and exhaust system of internal combustion engine.
    A computing grid of gasoline-engine was established based on KIVA-3V code according to the actual shape of a
    combustion chamber. The EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) rate effects were analyzed on the temperatures, the
    pressures, the heat release rates and the concentrations of CO2 in a cylinder with an EGR rate of more than 8%. An
    IP52FMI single-cylinder four-stroke gasoline-engine was improved without cylinder water injection system. And the
    experiments of capture carbon were carried out in a self-made carbon dioxide trapping device. The results show that
    dry ice of 33—345 g is obtained with an optimum EGR rate of 40% when liquid oxygen of 27—231 g inputs into the
    device for 1—10 min. This verifies that using the carbon dioxide capture device can realize the oxygen gasification
    and condensate the CO2 into dry ice.
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    Automotive Energy Efficiency & Environment Protection
    Temperature field measurement system with two-color method from flame images
    CHENG Xiaobei, XI Tao, ZENG Zhibin
    2014, 5(01):  83-90.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.01.011
    Abstract ( 724 )   PDF (1997KB) ( 1869 )  
    Combustion flame temperature measurement is important for combustion status diagnosis which is widely used to improveengine combustion. A two-color temperature measurement calculation model was established based on digital image processing technology, optical and radiological knowledge. Flame images obtained by a color CCD (charge coupled device) camera were used to produce temperature field and then to extract color matrix information using a calibration and calculation software programed by authors with MATLAB software. The system can be used to batch process calibrated image. The calibration parameter curve from two-color method was using to get the temperature field in gray scale or pseudo-color image, and the statistical value of the temperature field. The results show that calculation results and the measurement results are basically the same.
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    Combustion, vibration and noise properties of F-T diesel in a turbocharged and inter-cooled diesel engine
    WANG Tie, SHI Jinhong, LIU Lei
    2014, 5(01):  91-96.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.01.012
    Abstract ( 751 )   PDF (1380KB) ( 1533 )  
    The noise/variation generate-mechanism and its variation law changing with engine speed and load were investigated by tests to realize diesel-engine on-line fault-diagnosis, and design and optimize enginestructure. The experiments were conducted in a turbocharged inter-cooled diesel engine fueled on Fischer- Tropsch (F-T) diesel or 0# diesel, in which measured were the surface vibration signals of engine combustion. The signals were analyzed by an A-Weighted network for diesel engine fault diagnosis. The results show that the sound pressure reach the peak for the two fuels with the noises in 86.7—99 dB at the frequencies of 0.5—2.0 kHz. The vibration acceleration variation law is obtained in a whole working cycle of cylinder head. The diesel engine fueled on F-T diesel has softer combustion, slower heat release rate, slower pressure rise rate, and smaller vibration / noise compared with the 0# diesel.
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    Lean dilution combustion (LDC) for improving fuel economy of gasoline direct injection engine at part-load
    WANG Jianxin, SONG Tao, LIU Hui, WANG Zhi
    2014, 5(01):  97-105.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.01.013
    Abstract ( 708 )   PDF (1968KB) ( 1373 )  
    A concept of lean dilution combustion (LDC) was proposed for gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines with combining lean dilution burn and exhaust gas dilution to reduce pumping loss and to improve brake thermal efficiency. The influential factors of LDC were investigated by experiments on a GDI engine at partload to measure the fuel economy (fuel energy distribution), the combustion characteristics, and the emission characteristics of the engine. The results show that the fuel economy is improved 4%—6% more at the engine brake mean effective pressure of 200—600 kPa, without too much NOx emissions by employing LDC. Fuel energy distribution indicates that the LDC reduces the engine loss of heat transfer and pumping, and the LDC mode is proved to be feasible.
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