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Welcome to Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy,
汽车安全与节能学报

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  • 2024, Vol. 15 No. 6 Published on:31 December 2024 Previous issue    Next issue
    Review, Progress and Prospects
    Research and prospect of intelligent and connected vehicles standard system and key standards
    SUN Hang, ZHANG Lu, JI Guotian
    2024, 15(6):  795-812.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.06.001
    Abstract ( 651 )   HTML ( 1967)   PDF (1482KB) ( 1531 )  

    Based on the National Vehicle Networking Industry Standard System Construction Guide (Intelligent Connected Vehicle) (2023 Edition), and following a thorough analysis of the intelligent connected vehicle standards system, this paper proposes a development pathway for standards in the intelligent networking domain and directions for coordinating international standard regulations, with a focus on automotive intelligence, network connectivity, automotive electronics, and comprehensive safety. Through an in-depth study of the technical system of driving automation, representative products, and application scenarios, a systematic framework and standardization route for advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving systems (ADS) have been established. By analyzing the technological and application scenarios of vehicular network communications, a standard system for network functions and applications, along with a standardization route, has been proposed. The current research status of automotive electromagnetic compatibility, electronic environmental and reliability assessment, automotive chips, and automotive electronics subfields has been reviewed, leading to the proposal of a standardization route for automotive electronics. Considering comprehensive safety, a four-dimensional safety concept for intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) has been introduced, encompassing functional safety, anticipated functional safety, cybersecurity, and data security. The key components of each safety standard system have been discussed, and the standardization routes for these safety standards have been outlined. Finally, the paper explores the development of international standards and regulations for ICVs and the collaborative relationship between Chinese standards and international standards and regulations. In alignment with the developmental requirements of China’s intelligent connected vehicle (ICV) technology and standards, as well as the harmonization trends in international standards and regulations, this paper offers strategic insights and recommendations for the establishment of China’s ICV standard system and the development of key standards.

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    Automotive Safety
    Parameter optimization of the sill beam section of an electric vehicle under side pole collision condition
    RONG Hai, JIANG Jianzhong, YAO Zaiqi, MA Kai
    2024, 15(6):  813-820.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.06.002
    Abstract ( 226 )   HTML ( 46)   PDF (2616KB) ( 144 )  

    The peak section force (Fmax) of battery modules of an electric vehicle exceeded the safety range under side pole collision condition. The parameter optimization of the sill beam section was carried out to improve battery collision safety and achieve weight reduction of the vehicle body. 26 thicknesses or position parameters were selected as optimization variables to reduce Fmax and the mass of sill beam. The maximum compression deformation(dmax) and plastic strain(εpmax)of battery modules were chosen as constrains. Firstly, the optimal Latin hypercube method was employed to generate samples. A fully connected neural network was established as approximation model based on samples, and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms-Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ) was employed for multi-objective optimization. Finally, optimization results were verified through simulation. The results show that the Fmax of battery modules is decreased from 21.8 kN to less than 20 kN, indicating safety requirement is eventually satisfied. Meanwhile, the mass of sill beam is reduced by 1.41%~4.02%, which means lightweight design is also achieved. Further analysis shows that dmax and εpmax of battery modules are also reduced synchronously in some solutions, which improves battery collision safety comprehensively in the meantime of weight reduction.

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    Lightweight design of ATV truss body based on mechanical performance safety
    BAO Hongli, LU Sisi, LIU Zengyu, YAN Kaibo, ZHU Wenqing, SHU Yang
    2024, 15(6):  821-829.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.06.003
    Abstract ( 104 )   HTML ( 8)   PDF (1989KB) ( 458 )  

    Aiming at the safety and lightweight requirements of all-terrain vehicle (ATV) truss body, a lightweight method of collaborative static and dynamic mechanical properties was proposed to carry out the lightweight design of the ATV truss body. The body structure's static and dynamic mechanical properties were obtained by finite element analysis, and the lightweight optimization model of the ATV truss body based on mechanical performance safety was established. Combined with sensitivity analysis and main effect analysis, the key design variables of the truss body were extracted, the sample points of lightweight design were obtained by experimental design, and the least square method (LSR) -radial basis function (RBF) hybrid surrogate model was constructed. The lightweight optimization strategy of collaborative static and dynamic mechanical properties was proposed, and the lightweight design scheme of ATV truss body was optimized by sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm. The results show that the method can effectively reduce the mass of ATV truss body by 3.82% under the condition of ensuring static and dynamic mechanical properties.

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    Functional safety concept design for EMB brake-by-wire system based on vehicle dynamic
    DI Yage, ZHOU Jian, LU Jie, QIN Jia, WEI Yuqin, WANG Congjin, HAO Zhaoyang, MIAO Xuelong
    2024, 15(6):  830-838.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.06.004
    Abstract ( 204 )   HTML ( 8)   PDF (1799KB) ( 753 )  

    A functional safety concept design was conducted for smart vehicles with electronic mechanical braking (EMB) system to improve its safety and robustness. A fault injection simulation method was employed based on the ISO 26262 and combined with the product development status, to obtain the vehicle dynamic characteristics during EMB faulting, which provided the data for the assessment on severity and controllability, and effectively solved the problem of insufficient database in EMB system. The quantified severity and controllability were defined. The hazard analysis and risk assessment (HARA) were carried out, and 10 safety goals and their corresponding automotive safety integrity levels (ASIL) were achieved. The functional safety architecture and requirements of EMB system were developed with the functional safety concept design of the system being completed. Therefore, the concept analysis method can provide references for the functional safety development of other new intelligent driving electronic systems.

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    Injury characteristics and its protection for the near side occupants in side pole impacts of electric vehicles
    GUO Jianbao, KANG Wei, JU Chunxian, WANG Gang, LIU Chuang
    2024, 15(6):  839-847.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.06.005
    Abstract ( 109 )   HTML ( 3)   PDF (4308KB) ( 284 )  

    A theoretical analysis method was proposed for dummy arm kinematics in side pole collision to address the issue of thorax injuries caused by unlifted arm compression during side pole impact of electric vehicle. The root causes of uneasy lifting arm in electric vehicle were revealed combining with the analysis of occupant kinematics response, vehicle kinematics response and vehicle deformation mode in crash test. The key design factors of lifting dummy arm were determined for side airbag in side pole collision. A strategy of more balanced force distribution in dummy regions was proposed with the effectiveness of the strategy being verified through vehicle crash tests. The test results show that the overall performance of near side occupant is improved by 22.24%, with the injuries reducing of 68.89% for chest, 3.62% for abdomen. and 8.53% for pelvis; The head and shoulder injuries increase 3.75% and 5.33% with a safety design margin greater than 20% compared with before optimization. These results will provide some guidance for the electric vehicle developing with occupant protection in side pole impact.

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    Automotive Energy Efficiency and Environment Protection
    Study of flow field of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis
    PU Dongyi, ZHANG Luo, HU Song, CHEN Dongfang, LI Yuehua, XU Xiaoming
    2024, 15(6):  848-855.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.06.006
    Abstract ( 111 )   HTML ( 6)   PDF (2020KB) ( 55 )  

    The effect of the flow field structure on the transport and transfer of water electrolysis reaction substances within a proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell (PEMEC) was investigated. Through the simulation software COMSOL modelling, the ratio of the PEMEC flow channel width to the flow channel ridge width (γ) and the number of flow channels (λ) were varied to study the effects of the changes of γ and λ on the performance of the PEMEC with the flow channel width fixed at 1 mm. The results show that the electrolyte current density is highest at γ = 1, which is 6.9% higher than that of the cell with γ = 2 and 13.8% higher than that of γ = 3. When λ is increased, the PEMEC performance changes considerably. When γ = 1 is fixed and λ is changed, it is found that the increase in the number of flow channels increases the PEMEC flow channel pressure drop, which is beneficial to the uniform distribution of current density and oxygen, thus promoting the PEMEC performance improvement and current density increase. However, an increase in the number of flow channels also leads to an increase in flow resistance, which affects oxygen discharge.

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    Analysis of the distribution characteristics of overall dimensions and specific power of three axle trucks based on full sample data
    HOU Shanshan, TAO Chao, DU Jiang, HU Zumin, XU Jin
    2024, 15(6):  856-865.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.06.007
    Abstract ( 74 )   HTML ( 2)   PDF (2583KB) ( 74 )  

    The distribution characteristics of specific power (the ratio of the power to the truck total mass) were investigated for trucks in China to improve traffic safety, to reduce the incidence of major traffic accidents, and to provide the evidence for the revision of truck design vehicle parameters in highway related design standards or specifications. Using statistics, the distribution of the outline size and specific power of the three-axle trucks in mainland China on the 'Truck House' website was analyzed; And the recommended values of the minimum value of the outline size and specific power of the three-axle trucks were determined. The results show that the body width of the dump truck and the truck is relatively close, which is distributed between 2.5~2.55 m, but the body length and wheelbase of the dump truck are about 2 m lower than that of the truck, and the height is about 0.5 m lower than that of the truck. The correlation between specific power and maximum torque is strong, and the correlation with displacement is general. The statistical results suggest that the outline size of the truck design vehicle should be corrected to 12.00 m × 2.55 m × 4.00 m with the wheelbase of 8 m, the front suspension of 1.6 m, and the rear suspension of 4 m; and the truck specific power should be 8.6 kW·t-1.

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    Design of hybrid BN composite phase change microcapsule suspension and its application in PEM fuel cell cooling
    ZHOU Yibin, TANG Aikun, WANG Zhentao, CAI Tao
    2024, 15(6):  866-874.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.06.008
    Abstract ( 70 )   HTML ( 2)   PDF (7866KB) ( 606 )  

    A latent heat functional fluid based on hybrid boron nitride (BN) composite phase change micro-capsules was designed and prepared to solve the compatibility of thermoelectric properties of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell cooling medium. The physical properties and heat exchange capacities of a variety of phase change microcapsules and suspension samples were compared through systematic testing and chara-cterization, and the functional fluid was applied to the cooling of PEM fuel cell to analyze the effect of the doping concentration of phase change microcapsules on the output characteristics of the stack. The results show that the incorporation of phase change microcapsules can increase the heat exchange capacity of the base fluid by up to 3.61 times, while the enhancement of the output performance of the PEM fuel cell can be as high as 8.6%. In contrast, the suspension with 20 wt% concentration has the best overall performance, which can control the voltage variation amplitude to 0.02 V under the condition of constant current, and effectively reduce the voltage overshoot and recovery time by 23.1% and 13 s, respectively, under the condition of variable load.

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    Dynamic coordinated control of P2.5 plug-in hybrid configuration from pure electric to engine mode switching process considering driver’s intention
    LUO Yong, LI Lisha, WEI Yongheng, LI Hao, SUN Qiang
    2024, 15(6):  875-885.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.06.009
    Abstract ( 77 )   HTML ( 6)   PDF (3510KB) ( 107 )  

    A study was conducted on the dynamic coordinated control strategy of dual power sources was built with a Double Clutch Transmission (DCT) during the mode switching process, and with a system model for simulating and analyzing the control effect to ensure the smoothness of the transition from pure electric drive mode to engine drive mode in the P2.5 Plug in Hybrid Power System (PHPS). Divided the P2.5-PHPS pure electric to engine drive mode switching process into different stages and established a dynamic model for the multi-stage mode switching process of the system. Taking advantage of the fast torque response of the P2.5 drive motor, compensating for the fluctuations caused by the lagging torque response of the engine and clutch, and combining with the driver's operating intention, developing dynamic coordinated control strategies for the engine, motor, and clutch in each stage of the mode switching process. Built a system model for simulation analysis. The results show that during the transition from pure electric to engine mode, the maximum longitudinal impact of the vehicle does not exceed 5 m/s3, and the clutch slip and wear power is controlled within 3 kJ, which meet the smoothness requirements.

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    Estimation on state of health of lithium battery based on Gaussian process quantile regression model
    ZHANG Jinxiu, YAN Caihong, REN Guizhou
    2024, 15(6):  886-894.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.06.010
    Abstract ( 87 )   HTML ( 5)   PDF (1580KB) ( 159 )  

    To improve the safety of lithium batteries and delay their life degradation, a Gaussian process quantile regression model was proposed for estimating the state of health (SOH) of lithium batteries. The model combined the advantages of quasi-Gaussian process regression with non-stationary time series analysis and quantile regression, which can effectively deal with the nonlinear and time-varying problem of health characteristic data, and had the ability of adaptive adjustment of model parameters, thus improving the accuracy and robustness of SOH estimation. The validity of the proposed model was verified by the NASA battery dataset based on different temperatures. The results show that the mean absolute error (MAE)、root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the SOH estimation results of the model are 0.002 8, 0.003 8, and 0.003 4, respectively, and the model runtime is 0.008 1 s. Comparing the results with the Gray Wolf Optimization Guassian process regression model and three typical model estimation in the literature, the accuracy of RMSE is improved by 0.019 9, 0.003 0, 0.019 6, and 0.002 0, respectively, proving that the proposed model is more robust and has high accuracy in estimation results.

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    Eco-driving strategy for mixed traffic flow of connected automated vehicles considering intersection start-stop wave
    LI Xinguang, SUN Chongxiao, QU Dayi, YU Wenchang, HU Han
    2024, 15(6):  895-904.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.06.011
    Abstract ( 148 )   HTML ( 5)   PDF (1557KB) ( 51 )  

    An ecological driving strategy for connected automated vehicles based on intersection start-stop wave analysis was proposed to avoid frequent stop-start of vehicles at intersections and reduce the fuel consumption and pollution emission of vehicles. Firstly, the intersection start-stop wave influence range was analyzed, and the passage mode of vehicles through the intersection was classified; then, the saturation speed was calculated with the basic graph model of mixed traffic flow, and the vehicle passing time point was created and selected according to the saturation speed, and the end moment and location of the intelligent networked vehicle trajectory optimization were calculated in combination with the intersection start-stop wave; finally, the intelligent networked vehicle trajectory was optimized according to the three-stage speed planning curve model. The results show that the average fuel consumption, pollutant emissions and delays incurred by vehicles with eco-driving strategies gradually decrease with penetration increasing; and the magnitude of fuel consumption gain for low traffic flow is always greater than that for high traffic flow under the same penetration. In the case of 600 pcu/h traffic flow and 100% penetration, the eco-driving strategy reduces fuel consumption by 15.57% and delays by 23.57%.

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    Analysis of heat dissipation performance of liquid cooling plate based on multi-objective optimization
    QIU Shuaishuai, ZHANG Furen, SUN Shizheng, TAO Yuanbing, TAO Jiahui, TAN Haikun
    2024, 15(6):  905-914.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.06.012
    Abstract ( 204 )   HTML ( 6)   PDF (2780KB) ( 34 )  

    In order to improve the cooling performance of the cooling plate and solve the problem of high pressure loss, a composite X-channel liquid cooling plate structure was used to study the heat dissipation performance of lithium-ion battery. By considering the channel inclination angle, channel position, and inlet channel angle as design variables, the comprehensive cooling performance of the liquid-cooled plate was evaluated using an objective function that included average temperature, temperature standard deviation, and pressure drop. Subsequently, the optimal structural parameters of the liquid-cooled plate were determined. The heat production and temperature rise characteristics of the battery under different discharge multipliers were obtained through single-cell experiments. The thermal generation and temperature increase characteristics of the battery at various discharge rates were determined through experiments conducted on a single cell. Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) was employed to select 70 sample points within the design space. An approximate model, specifically Response Surface Approximation (RSA), was then utilized to establish the relationship between the design variables and the objective function. The RSA model was subsequently optimized using the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm Ⅱ (NSGA-Ⅱ), and the validity of the optimization outcomes was confirmed via Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The results show that the pumping power of the liquid cooling plate is effectively improved, the pressure drop is reduced by 37.865%, and the overall cooling performance is increased by 55.3% compared with the initial model.

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    Analysis and optimization of the influence of drag reduction device on the aerodynamic characteristics of flat truck
    WU Suzhen, DING Qirui
    2024, 15(6):  915-922.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.06.013
    Abstract ( 107 )   HTML ( 4)   PDF (1852KB) ( 53 )  

    A drag reduction scheme of installing drag reduction devices and optimizing modeling parameters was proposed to reduce the aerodynamic drag coefficient of flat head trucks in crosswind environment and improve driving stability. The aerodynamic characteristics of the simplified model of flat head truck with fairing, wake plate and composite drag reduction device were studied under six yaw angles from 0° to 15° with using aerodynamic numerical simulation technology, and the parameters of the model with composite drag reduction device were optimized based on the Adaptive Collaborative Optimization Algorithm (SHERPA). The results show that the drag reduction effect is the best and the drag reduction rate is 17% when the yaw angle is 12°; The drag reduction rate of the wake plate reaches the maximum of 5.7% without crosswind; The average drag reduction rate of the composite drag reduction device is 19.0%, and the maximum drag reduction rate is 22.9%; After the optimization of SHERPA algorithm, the average aerodynamic drag coefficient of freight car model with composite drag reduction device is further reduced by 4.3%. This study provides a theoretical basis for the optimization of aerodynamic characteristics of freight cars in crosswind environment.

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    Intelligent Driving and Intelligent Transportation
    Multi-vehicle cooperative control in ramp merging area based on MADDPG algorithm
    CAI Tianmao, KONG Weiwei, LUO Yugong, SHI Jia, JI Pengxiao, LI Congmin
    2024, 15(6):  923-933.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.06.014
    Abstract ( 100 )   HTML ( 3)   PDF (4040KB) ( 592 )  

    A multi-vehicle cooperative control method based on the multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithm was proposed to ensure the safety and efficiency of the ramp merging area. A distributed training framework based on the Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (MADDPG) algorithm was designed with the goal of enhancing the computational efficiency of the system; In response to the challenge of the agent model dealing with continuous traffic flow scenarios, the stability of the agent towards the continuous traffic flow environment was guaranteed by constructing a relatively stationary environment and improving the strategy update gradient. The ramp merging area scenario was split into a preparation area and an entry area, and according to the control objectives of the two areas, the state and action spaces and reward functions were designed separately. The results show that, under different traffic flows, the proposed method reduces the total delay time in the merging area by an average of 25.46% comparing with the rule-based method, the delay time difference is 8.47% comparing with the global optimization method, but the control duration does not increase with the number of vehicles. Therefore, the proposed multi-vehicle cooperative control method for the ramp merging area can better balance the improvement of traffic efficiency and the real-time performance of the system.

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    Design of a remote multidimensional information real time interaction system for autonomous driving
    CAO Liling, LIU Junli, JIN Shengye, CAO Shouqi, ZHOU Guofeng
    2024, 15(6):  934-942.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.06.015
    Abstract ( 93 )   HTML ( 6)   PDF (2733KB) ( 165 )  

    A design for a C/S (Client/Server) model-based real-time multidimensional information interaction system was presented to enhance the safety and operational efficiency of autonomous vehicles in low-speed, semi-closed scenarios, utilizing the Robot Operating System 2 (ROS2) framework. The research incorporated data transmission fusion technology, which combined various data preprocessing algorithms with a unified network transmission protocol, enabling efficient transmission and real-time interaction of images, point clouds, and vehicle status information. The results show that under excellent network conditions, the average delay of the system is less than 0.063 seconds, the receiving frequency is almost equal to the sending frequency, and the packet loss rate does not exceed 3.5%; The integrated remote control module ensures the accuracy of operations; Under long-term stable operation, the system still maintains a low central processing unit (CPU) usage rate of 2.7%, demonstrating excellent resource efficiency. The system has demonstrated effectiveness in ensuring real-time, reliability, and low resource consumption, and can provide strong support for information exchange in the field of autonomous driving.

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    C-V2X mode 4 performance analysis considering noise and hidden terminals in high-load scenarios
    DOU Zufang, WANG Peng, YANG Qiaoli, YANG Xijuan
    2024, 15(6):  943-951.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.06.016
    Abstract ( 72 )   HTML ( 4)   PDF (1947KB) ( 593 )  

    A data transmission analysis model, which took into account random noise, random shadow fading and hidden terminal, was proposed to further explore the data transmission performance of Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) mode 4 in high-load scenarios. Firstly, a double random signal-to-noise ratio and signal-to-interference-to-noise ratio model was established, and the Cauchy distribution was used to solve the model. Secondly, the analytical formulas of four typical error probabilities in the process of data transmission were derived, and the coupling relationship between noise, shadow fading and data conflict was revealed. Thirdly, based on the four error types, the packet delivery ratio analytical model integrating noise, shadow fading and hidden terminal influence was further constructed. Finally, numerical simulations were used to analyze the key parameters affecting communication efficiency, and the influence of each parameter on packet delivery ratio was discussed. The results show that the packet delivery ratio (PDR) is reduced by 16.7% compared with the previous literature in the environment of high noise, high moving speed and high load, which verifies the adverse effects of random noise and hidden terminals on communication.

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    Methods for predicting vehicle trajectories in motorway weaving zones based on driving risk fields
    QIN Yaqin, DONG Shuai, XIE Jiming, CHEN Liang, LIU Yonghua, GUO Miao
    2024, 15(6):  952-961.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.06.017
    Abstract ( 129 )   HTML ( 7)   PDF (2544KB) ( 180 )  

    A vehicle trajectory prediction method fusing the traveling risk field and vehicle lane-changing intention was proposed to improve the accuracy of vehicle trajectory prediction in the interweaving area. Firstly, the driving demand changes of drivers in the interweaving zone were analyzed, and the driving risk field model was used to uniformly represent the interaction risk when vehicles were driving; secondly, the Hidden Markov Model was used to identify the vehicle lane-changing intention; in addition, the input features were extended and fused in multiple dimensions by the Deep Belief Networks Online Learning Machine (DBN_OSELM) model, to improve the accuracy of the trajectory prediction in the interweaving zone. Finally, the proposed method was evaluated based on the CitySim dataset. The results show that the model can predict vehicle trajectories in the interweaving zone of highways with high accuracy, and the root mean square error (RMSE) of vehicle trajectory prediction for the three types (merging in the confluence area, maintaining the interweaving area, and driving out the diverging area) of driving needs of drivers in the interweaving zone are 0.683 5, 0.257 4, and 0.631 5, respectively, and the average displacement error (ADE) is 0.46, 0.21, and 0.48 m, respectively. The research results are helpful to improve the accuracy of vehicle trajectory prediction in complex scenarios and improve traffic safety in the intertwined area.

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