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  Key technologies and fundamental academic issues for traction battery systems ZHANG Jianbo, LU Languang, LI Zhe Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2012, 3 (2): 87-104.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.02.001 Abstract （3002）      PDF （2451KB）（7262）       Knowledge map    The limitation of traction battery systems in performance, cost, life, and safety constitutes the bottleneck for the diffusion of electric vehicles. This paper analyzes dozens of electric vehicles in the phase of R & D and several major commercialized electric vehicles, identifies and reviews four key technologies for the traction battery system, the assembly of cells into the battery, thermal management, electric energy management, and safety. Underlying these key technologies, two fundamental academic issues are specified: 1) the generation, transfer, and removal of heat in the stacked composite system comprising cells and heat conduction plates/flow fields; 2) the modeling, identification, and control of the battery system comprising a multitude of non-linear, time-varying cells connected in parallel and series. Further development tendency for traction battery systems are viewed, such as the smart cell and the integration with the grid and internet. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Two Methods Studying Internal Resistance for Lithium-ion Battery Life Estimation Used in EV LIU Qi, LIU Jun-Yong, MIAO Qiang, CHEN Guo-Qiang, WANG Da-Zhi Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (2): 145-149.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.007 Abstract （3051）      PDF （1518KB）（7125）       Knowledge map    Life prediction and performance state estimation online are important in the life stage for each lithium-ion battery in electrical vehicles (EVs). The battery capacity and internal resistance were used to compare the model structure and the chemical meaning of eigen-parameters of two basic approaches; one is the identification of specific parameters based on the Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) in the time domain and the other is Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) analysis in the frequency domain. The results show that the common inherent conflict between the nonlinearity of batteries and the linearization of the identification algorithm constrains the development of lithium-ion battery in EV. Therefore, proposals such as aging mechanism, new life modeling approach, hardware structures and algorithm improvement are given to resolve the difficulties encountered in the implementation of battery life estimation online for lithium-ion systems. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Current status and development trends of European new energy vehicles WANG Shanjin, CHENG Yuan Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2021, 12 (2): 135-149.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2021.02.001 Abstract （1231）   HTML （102）    PDF （1247KB）（6727）       Knowledge map    This article introduces the current status and development trends of new energy vehicles in Europe, covering the European auto market, the EU’s carbon emission regulations, the new energy promotion policies of EU governments, and the new energy vehicle strategies and technical road-maps of European original equipment manufactures (OEMs). Although the long-term goals of new energy vehicles of major European OEMs are different, because they must comply with the same CO2 emission regulations, the short-term technical road-maps are similar, that is, pure electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles go hand in hand. In terms of power batteries, European OEMs have all adopted lithium ion battery technology; In terms of pure electric powertrain system, European OEMs basically adopt the configuration of drive motor combined with single speed reducer; In terms of hybrid powertrain systems, the choice of European OEMs is based on the parallel structure, which has not only potential for optimizing energy transmission efficiency, enriching working modes, but also giving full play to the traditional advantages of European OEMs in engine and transmission technology. It is worth mentioning that dedicated hybrid transmission (DHT) technology has been successfully launched in Europe. This technology can give full play to the advantages of electrified powertrains and is forming a development trend. The EU’s strict CO2 emission regulations are the biggest driving force to ensure the sustainable development of new energy vehicles in the next few decades. Europe’s strength in traditional automotive technology, production, and sales is also becoming a strong advantage in the development of its new energy vehicles. It is expected that in the next ten years, the share of new energy vehicles in Europe will continue to grow steadily, and new energy vehicles will dominate the European market before 2040 Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Research and development of automotive lightweight technology FAN Zijie, GUI Liangjin, SU Ruiyi Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2014, 5 (01): 1-16.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.01.001 Abstract （1388）      PDF （2587KB）（6583）       Knowledge map    Lightweighting of automotive is an important measure for energy conservation and emissions reduction with significance for sustainable development of automotive industry. This paper summarizes the current research and future trends of automotive lightweight technology in China and in the world from three aspects: the structural optimization, the lightweight materials, and the advanced manufacturing technology. The review includes the basic principles and research developments of structural size optimization, shape optimization, to pological optimization, and multidisciplinary design optimization. And it introduces the applications of high-strength steel, aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy, plastic material, composite material; as well as the applications of hydroform and laser welding in automotive industry. The authors think that the lightweight technology future research area are the improvement of automotive structural optimization theory, the multi-material integration, the lightweight components, and the systematization and integration of lightweight technology. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Design and implementation of FOC control algorithm for PMSM motor based on Matlab/Simulink Pawel Stojaczyk, Dawid Woroch, HONG BO, WEI Yintao* Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2014, 5 (02): 166-171.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.02.008 Abstract （980）      PDF （2285KB）（6123）       Knowledge map    PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor) drive systems has been having general used in various industries needed high precision control due to a rapid development of microprocessors. The proper system configuration is still complex and time consuming. To overcome such a limitation, this paper presents a FOC (Field Oriented Control) algorithm for PMSM speed control algorithm performed in Matlab/Simulink by using standard blocks only, which is realized in almost any DSP (Digital Signal Processing) processor by using auto-coding tool in Matlab. STM32F4 microcontroller was employed. Simple Active Currents Reading Error Compensator was introduced for appropriate feedback signals filtering. Precision of the signal was set to around 10 mA of current –10 Bit with an Analog-to-Digital Converter operated by three bidirectional 5-A Hall current sensors. A PMSM sensored motor was tested in 0~2 000 r/min. The experimental step responses to desired speeds show good dynamic and smooth performance of the entire system. Related Articles | Metrics

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  State-of-the-art and technical trends of intelligent and connected vehicles LI Keqiang, DAI Yifan, LI Shengbo, BIAN Mingyuan Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2017, 08 (01): 1-14.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2017.01.001 Abstract （1341）      PDF （2806KB）（5972）       Knowledge map    The state-of-the-art and technical trends of intelligent and connected vehicle (ICV) are illustrated. The ICV system architecture included the value chain, technology chain and industrial chain. The four stages of ICVs were the advanced assistance, connected assistance, cooperative automation and highly/fully automated driving. Some key technologies of ICVs were introduced such as environmental perception, decision making, dynamical control, human-machine copilot, V2X communication and platform, cyber security. Therefore, China should develop the ICV industry rely on the top-down design by using the national institutional advantages because the ICV will be an important direction of the automotive technology in the future, and the ICV development is a great opportunity for the transformation and upgrading of China's automobile industry. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Battery Thermal Management System with Liquid Cooling and Heating in Electric Vehicles YUAN Hao, WANG Li-Fang, WANG Li-Ye Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2012, 3 (4): 371-380.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.04.011 Abstract （1963）      PDF （2996KB）（5826）       Knowledge map    The performance and life of electric-vehicle battery-systems are affected by the temperature. A liquid cooling/heating Battery Thermal Management (BTM) with an optimum geometric structure was designed to keep the average battery-system temperature in the range from 20 ℃ to 45 ℃ and the temperature gradient within 3 ℃ . According to overall system flow balancing in a BTM, cooling/heating plates with different structure parameters were simulated to investigate cooling effects of the BTM. An infrared thermal imager monitored the cooling/heating plate temperature rises in battery-system heating experiments. Experimental and simulation results were shown to be the same. The results show that the structure with an inlet and an outlet on the same side has an even flow distribution. By combining the simulation and optimization, the obtained optimum combination of the inlet velocity and the temperature in the cooling/heating plate reduces the plate-surfacetemperature standard-deviation to 2.61 ℃ , and makes the battery system uniformly heated. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Innovation in Automotive Engineering: A look into the future Henning Wallentowitz Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2013, 4 (2): 95-108.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2013.02.001 Abstract （2125）      PDF （2391KB）（5466）       Knowledge map    Several countries’ governments are producing mandatory regulations of automotive engineering to reduce CO2 emission and fuel consumption. The electric vehicles are one of the results by engineers' special efforts. This paper gives a wider view of innovation of automotive engineering and a look into the future. Technology trends include that 1) More Intelligent driver assistance systems can be distinguished into safety functions, comfort functions, traffic efficiency improvement and environmental effect reduction; 2) Body technology is determined by the used materials with competition between multi-materials, steel, and carbon fibres; 3) Chassis technology is improved by integrated vehicle dynamics control, active suspension components and material application; 4) Drive trains are converted into hybrid-drives with intelligent solutions on the horizon for these hybrid gearboxes, but also for four-wheel drive systems; 5) Electronic control is focusing on central control modules, the mobile phone for quite new applications and inventions for car lighting. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Rear Seat Occupant Protection: What Do We Know and What is the Future? HU Jingwen Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2016, 07 (04): 339-354.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2016.04.001 Abstract （736）      PDF （1538KB）（5370）       Knowledge map    Field data analyses have shown that the occupant protection in rear seats failed to keep pace with the advances in front seats likely due to their low occupancy and the lack of advanced safety technologies. This study provided a comprehensive literature review on rear seat occupant protection addressing the different needs for a diverse population, ranging from children in harness restraints to adults with a wide range of stature, age, and body shape. Based on the findings from field data analyses, experimental studies, and computational simulations, rear seat safety can be improved by properly using age-appropriate child restraints and introducing adjustable/advanced/adaptive features into the rear seat restraint systems. However, the lack of biofidelic injury assessment tools for children, older, and/or obese occupants will be one of the major challenges for further improving the rear seat safety. The increased proportion of older and obese populations, the growth of lightweight vehicles, the popularity of smart-phone-based ride service, and the advances in active safety technology and autonomous vehicles will likely increase the significance of rear seat safety but at the same time will pose additional challenges. All these trends suggested that more efforts on optimizing rear seat restraint systems adapting to a wide range of impact conditions, occupant characteristics and sitting postures are necessary in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Status and prospect of automotive safety technology in China ZHAO Fu-Quan, WU Cheng-Ming, PAN Zhi-Jie, LIU Wei-Guo, LIU Wei Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (2): 111-121.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.003 Abstract （3128）      PDF （1917KB）（5009）       Knowledge map     Investments of automotive safety technology have substantially been increased due to heavy casualty in traffic accident in China. It thereby accelerates the improvement of R&D capability of safety technology and commercialization process. The fact that the domestic-brand vehicles have achieved C-NCAP 5-star rating marks a great leap forward in terms of passive safety technology in China. The research of passive safety is further performed with regard to pedestrian protection, rear-row passenger’s protection, whiplash protection and cyclist protection. Meanwhile, the research and development of active safety, pre-crash safety and intelligent automotive network system have become the focuses. The perfect combination of high level active and passive safety technology regarding to passenger, vehicle and environment will promote the accomplishment of safety philosophy of zero crash and zero casualty. The subject establishment of state-level development and industrialization, and regulations constitution and perfection thereof will become the driving force of rapid growth of auto safety technology Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Research status and prospects of automotive safety technology SONG Jian, WANG Weiwei, LI Liang Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2010, 1 (2): 98-106.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2010.02.002 Abstract （2584）      PDF （2516KB）（4866）       Knowledge map    The current international vehicle technology was introduced. This article described the passive safety technology: automotive collision safety design and vehicle structure design technology, key technology of advanced passenger restraint systems, vehicle safety devices to protect pedestrians, collision safety and security performance evaluation database platform; and the active safety technology: vehicle dynamics stability control technology, integrated chassis control technology, intelligent security auxiliary control technology, pre-warning technology based on people - Vehicle dangerous condition monitoring. A development mode of the advanced automotive security technology, was proposed. The  trends of the car-road coordinate control, intelligent highway and basic research of common technology were also preseuted. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Corporate average fuel consumption (CAFC)and uts limit standard of passenger vehicle in China MA Dong, AN Feng, KANG Li-Ping Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2012, 3 (4): 364-370.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.04.010 Abstract （2210）      PDF （1954KB）（4785）       Knowledge map    To promote the fuel economy level of passenger vehicle industry in China is beneficial to energy saving and emission reduction. The Corporate Average Fuel Consumption (CAFC) of passenger vehicles in China market was investigated based on the authority’s data and standards. The results show that the passenger-vehicle CAFC in China market in the year of 2011 is 7.5 L/(100 km), which overall meets the target value of Phase 2 in the "Limits of Fuel Consumption for Passenger Cars" (GB 19578-2004, 2004-09-02) of China, but does not meet the target of Phase 3 (GB 27999-2011, 2011-12-30). The vehicle companies with independent-brands have lower real CAFC values than those with the joint-venture-brands, but have a higher ratio of the real value to the CAFC target standard, so they have more work to do to meet the Phase 3 standard. Compared with domestic vehicles, imported passenger vehicles have higher CAFC real values and a higher ratio of the real value to the target standard, which shows a severe challenge to the domestic vehicles. Related Articles | Metrics

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  GDI Engine Operation with Ethanol/Gasoline Blends and Aqueous Ethanol Richard STONE, Longfei CHEN, Nathan HINTON, Felix LEACH, Fan XU Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2012, 3 (3): 257-264.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.03.009 Abstract （2290）      PDF （3857KB）（4771）       Knowledge map    Ethanol is being promoted as a renewable fuel and as a means of improving energy security. The blends of gasoline and ethanol from 0 – 100 % ethanol were studied to evaluate their spray characteristics, combustion performances, and particulate emissions with blends of ethanol and water with up to 40 % water by volume being tested to research the combustion performances of different water ethanol blends and the miscibility of water with ethanol/gasoline blends using ternary phase diagrams for gasoline, ethanol, and water. The results show that presence of water in ethanol/gasoline mixtures is not an impediment to their use as a fuel in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. Adding ethanol to gasoline increases the injected fuel volume and the persistence of the fuel sprays, especially for a cold engine, leads to reduced mixture homogeneity, a decrease in the combustion stability, and an increase in particulate matter emissions for a stoichiometric mixture. Adding water to ethanol further increases injected fuel volume, but the increase in combustion duration and reduction in combustion stability are not significant with up to 30 % water by volume. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Current status and trends of the research and development for fuel cell vehicles LI Jianqiu, FANG Chuan, XU Liangfei Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2014, 5 (01): 17-29.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.01.002 Abstract （1465）      PDF （1365KB）（4586）       Knowledge map    A review on the state-of-art in the world for fuel cell technology was given, which is an efficient, clean, and new energy technology, including in China, northern America, European Union, Japan, South Korea and so on. A comparison analysis was made in different aspects, such as the technical specifications of fuel cell vehicles, the lifetime and the environmental adaptability of fuel cell engines, the hydrogen storage system, the key materials, the auxiliary system of fuel cells, the demonstration of fuel cell vehicles and the infrastructure of hydrogen refueling stations. The results show that global automobile companies are prepared for the industrialization of fuel cell vehicles, and will enter mass production stage in 2015; while fuel cell vehicles are still in the demonstration stage in China. The future hot points in next generation fuel cell vehicles are the cell life extension, the system cost reduction, the hydrogen infrastructure construction, and commercial demonstration. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Fuel Additives for Future Fuel and Vehicle Technologies Joseph W. ROOS, Larry J. CUNNINGHAM, Xu Fuqiang Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2010, 1 (2): 107-114.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2010.02.003 Abstract （2278）      PDF （1760KB）（4428）       Knowledge map    Authors reviewed the role of fuel additive in producing quality transportation fuels and fuel additive for optimal vehicle performance, meanwhile studied fuel additive application for advanced hybrid vehicles and direct injection engines. Transportation fuel and vehicle technology are rapidly evolving in response to regulatory and commercial efforts to assure energy supply, improve fuel economy and reduce mobile source emissions.  Along with these changes, the fuels must meet the demands for transportation and storage in a safe and efficient manner and the vehicle performance requirements to ensure acceptable operation in consumer use.  This evaluation looks at the broad class of fuel additives and considers how they can provide fuel producers with a means to readily deliver safe and effective transportation of fuel and to allow for effective operation of changing engine technologies.  Related Articles | Metrics

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  Developing trends of automotive safety technology: An analysis based on traffic accident data LI Yibing, SUN Yueting, XU Chengliang Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2016, 07 (03): 241-253.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2016.03.001 Abstract （480）      PDF （2781KB）（4024）       Knowledge map    Along with the development of economy and vehicle technology, traffic accidents have some particular characteristics including the high mortality of vulnerable road users and ‘nonstandard groups’ of people, crash incompatibility, high death rate of single-vehicle accidents, and a significant number of accidents caused by drivers’ insufficient perception. The developing trends of active safety technologies and passive safety technologies in terms of each subsystem by analyzing the traffic accident data in China, Europe and the United States since 2000. The main trends of passive safety include protection on vulnerable road users, adaptive passenger protection, crash compatibility and adaptive crashworthiness. The main trends of active safety include vehicle dynamic management and intelligent driving assistant. The comprehensive safety technology integrating the active and passive safety will be an important trend for the development of future vehicles. Related Articles | Metrics

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  PEM Fuel Cells: Current Status and Challenges for Electrical#br# Vehicle Applications LI Bing, LI Hui, MA Jian-Xin, WANG Hai-Jiang Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2010, 1 (4): 260-269.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2010.04.002 Abstract （3073）      PDF （1740KB）（4014）       Knowledge map    Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology has already made tremendous advances. However, performance, cost, and durability remain the key problems before PEM fuel cells can be successfully commercialized. This paper is a review of current status in the study of PEM fuel cells and the existing challenges for their use in electrical vehicle (EV) applications,basedon a survey of the published literature. In reviewing the current status, we introduce presentstate-ofthe- art PEM fuel cell technology for EV applications and look at key technical achievements. PEM fuel cell research has made particularly significant progress in improving performance, cost, and durability, primarily focusing on the main components of the stack and system. Nonetheless, commercialization of fuel cell electrical vehicle (FCEV) applications is still confronted with performance, cost, and durability hurdles, hindering the achievement of the 2010/2015 US DOE (Department of Energy) targets. The maintenance of fuel cell vehicles as another component of their future commercializationwas also reviewed. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Contactless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicle Battery Charger Yuichi NAGATSUKA, Shingo NOGUCHI, Yasuyoshi KANEKO, Shigeru ABE, Tomio YASUDA, Kazuhiko IDA, Akira SUZUKI, Ryoichi YAMANOUCHI Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (2): 150-156.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.008 Abstract （2775）      PDF （2382KB）（3894）       Knowledge map      Contactless power transfer systems are desirable having more compact and lightweight for electric vehicles (EVs) recharging. A transformer of the system was developed according to the criteria of having high efficiency, a large air gap, and good tolerance to misalignment. The transformer uses series and parallel capacitors with rectangular cores and double-sided windings, with the size of 240 mm×300 mm×40 mm, the gap length of (70 ± 20) mm, the misalignment tolerance in the lateral direction of ± 125 mm, and the secondary mass of 4.6 kg. The characteristics of the system were studied with a charge control circuit and lead acid batteries being connected to the secondary winding. The results show that an output power of 1.5 kW and efficiency of 95% was achieved in the normal position and that the system has acompact-structure, light-weight, and satisfies the above criteria. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  State of the art and outlook of diesel emission regulations and aftertreatment technologies SHUAI Shijin, TANG Tao, ZHAO Yanguang, HUA Lun Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2012, 3 (3): 200-217.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.03.002 Abstract （2574）      PDF （8392KB）（3834）       Knowledge map    Diesel engine has advantages of low fuel consumption, high torque output and wide power range, and has been widely used in transportation and engineering machinery as a power. The diesel powered vehicles can only meet future stringent emission regulations using aftertreatment devices. This paper compared the different vehicle emission regulations in Europe, the USA, Japan and China, and analyzed in-cylinder and aftertreatment technical approaches to meet the emission regulations for light-duty and heavy-duty diesel vehicles. The research status of the mainstream aftertreatment technologies like diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) selective catalytic reduction (SCR), lean NOx trap (LNT) and diesel particulate filter (DPF) was described and discussed. The future development of the diesel emission regulations and aftertreatment technologies was prospected. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Temperature sensitivity of lithium-ion battery: A review LI Ping, AN Fuqiang, ZHANG Jianbo, WANG Haoran Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2014, 5 (03): 224-237.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.03.002 Abstract （1338）      PDF （3316KB）（3772）       Knowledge map    Temperature sensitivity statistics were collected and analyzed for lithium-ion battery (LIB) of electric vehicles (EV) based on survey of papers and patents. The results show that low and high temperatures have great effect on the performances, respectively, severely affecting the operation and the market penetration of EVs. To mitigate this problem, some techniques are used including changing raw material properties, optimizing cell designs, and using battery thermal management systems (BTMS). Further research for temperature sensitivity is to improve the cathode materials and anode materials of LIB to increase electric conductivities and ionic conductivities; to optimize electrode structures and cell structures to uniform thermal and electrical distribution; to develop new protocols for alternating current (AC) preheating/charging at low temperatures; and to incorporate the liquid cooling method. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Research and development of automobile electromagnetic brake technology for commercial vehicles HE Ren, HU Donghai, ZHANG Duanjun Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2013, 4 (3): 202-214.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2013.03.002 Abstract （2261）      PDF （4938KB）（3636）       Knowledge map    Electromagnetic brakes (EBs) are widely applied in commercial vehicles for their characteristics of contactless, fast response, and simple controlling. The principle and research situation of EBs were given to expand their application scopes and functions. The application status, the structure, the working principle and the control method of EBs were discussed to three main EBs including the eddy current retarder, the rotary eddy current retarder, and the self-excited retarder for commercial vehicle. The results show that the key technologies are the external and inner characteristics of the electromagnetic brakes, the matching designs and the design of control strategy and the controller of united braking system of both electromagnetic and friction. Technology focus for electromagnetic braking will be the integrated system of electromagnetic brakes and frictional brakes, and function extension of electromagnetic brake system. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Vehicle and Fuel Development in an Energy and Environmentally Constrained World WANG Michael Quanlu, KODJAK Drew, CAIHao Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (4): 271-293.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.04.001 Abstract （2067）      PDF （2734KB）（3552）       Knowledge map    This paper summarizes the developments for vehicles and fuels in an energy and environmentally constrained world to solve transportation problems of air pollution, energy insecurity, and climate change. The results show that as the regulatory landscape in Europe and North America has recently moved to reductions of greenhouse gas emission caused by motor vehicles, efficient vehicle technologies and low-carbon fuels will play increasingly important roles in the transportation sector. Globally, multiple solutions are being pursued. Such solutions include efficient vehicle technologies, clean fuels, alternative fuels (including biofuels, advanced biofuels), and electric drive technologies such as hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and battery-powered electric vehicles. Strong regulatory requirements for energy conservation and emission reductions for motor vehicles can continue to provide a platform and incentives for research, development, and deployment of these vehicle and fuel technologies. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Safe distance model and obstacle detection algorithms for a collision warning and collision avoidance system PEI Xiaofei, LIU Zhaodu, MA Guocheng, YE Yang Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2012, 3 (1): 26-33.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.01.004 Abstract （2880）      PDF （1907KB）（3541）       Knowledge map    Safe-driving was assisted with key parameters calibrated according to the driver’s characteristics using a developed system of vehicle collision warning and collision avoidance (CW/CA). The system defines the inverse of time-to-collision (TTC-1) as the evaluation index with the grading warning and braking safe distance model adopted based on hazardous level ε . A millimeter waveradar obstacle detection method was designed with adaptive cruise control (ACC). The system configuration and control logic were designed based on a Jetta car with the collision avoidance test and the manual / automatic interaction test implemented on dry roads. The real car experiments show that the CW/CA system in accordance with desired TTC-1 index improves vehicle active safety, and embodies the driver’s priority and cooperation. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Present and Future of Premixed Compression Ignition Engines Hongming XU Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2012, 3 (3): 185-199.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.03.001 Abstract （2735）      PDF （3466KB）（3520）       Knowledge map    Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) was perhaps the most attractive topic during the last decade for engine combustion researchers so was subsequently investigated more intensively than other engine technologies. Its application has stagnated at the present but its derivatives such as partially premixed compression ignition (PPCI) still remain as promising alternatives to the conventional combustion systems. This paper presents an overview of the research on HCCI and its derivatives and it also provides a future outlook of the next generation of new combustion systems in relation to the concept of premixed compression ignition. It is believed that multiple injections of multiple fuels using even higher compression ratios combined with boosting will be the way forwards for high efficiency engines and this development trend will likely lead to merging of diesel and gasoline engine technologies using premixed compression ignition. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Vehicle networking concept and its automotive industry#br# applications based on ‘triple network convergence’ XIE Boyuan, LI Keqiang, WANG Jiangqiang, ZHAO Shulian Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2013, 4 (4): 348-355.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2013.04.007 Abstract （1013）      PDF （1124KB）（3493）       Knowledge map    Vehicle networking (VNC) is a combine of vehicle and “Telematics”. A new VNC concept based on triple-network convergence was put forward to answer some misunderstanding in VNC. The three networks include the on-board mobile internet, the inter-vehicle network, and the in-vehicle networking. The Telematics, the V2V (vehicle to vehicle) / V2I (vehicle to infrastructure), and the in-vehicle networking are fusing each other, and are integrating to V2X (X includes vehicles, infrastructures, pedestrians, internets or other needs). The definition and the connotation of VNC were proposed with the three core values including mobility, safety, and environment, and with three applicability key-technologies and four common key-technologies. The applications in automotive industry and prospects of the VNC were indicated. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Laser diagnostics for spray of spark ignition direct injection (SIDI) combustion system ZHANG Yuyin, ZHANG Gaoming, XU Min Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (4): 294-307.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.04.002 Abstract （2242）      PDF （2170KB）（3468）       Knowledge map    The technologies for development of spark ignition direct injection (SIDI) engines still need further research in China. Advanced spray laser diagnostics, three dimensional computational fluid dynamics (3-D CFD) modeling and the combustion diagnostics based on optical engine play leading roles in the development of SIDI combustion systems. Among these technologies, advanced laser diagnostics is becoming increasingly important, because through laser diagnostics one can realize visualization and quantitative measurements of in-cylinder processes, which are essential for validation of CFD modeling and understanding the physical phenomena in the mixture formation and combustion processes. This paper summarizes and compares various technologies in spray laser diagnostics which are used to provide information for modern SIDI combustion system development. The review includes diagnostics for spray structures, flow fields, droplet sizes and fuel evaporation, which enables optimization and matching of the spray, air flow and the combustion chamber of an SIDI combustion system. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Low carbon and zero carbon technology paths and key technologies of ICEs under the background of carbon neutrality SHUAI Shijin, WANG Zhi, MA Xiao, XU Hongming, HE Xin, WANG Jianxin Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2021, 12 (4): 417-439.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2021.04.001 Abstract （5020）   HTML （627）    PDF （4021KB）（3463）       Knowledge map    Since China promised to “reach the carbon peak in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060” at the 75th United Nations General Assembly in September 2020, the Paris Agreement signed by major countries and regions in 2016 has controlled the rise of global temperature and accelerated carbon neutrality policies and actions. As the leading power of a large number of road and non-road mobile machinery and national defense equipment, internal combustion engine (ICE) not only undertakes the important mission of energy saving and emission reduction in the near and medium term, but also faces great challenges and important opportunities on how to achieve carbon neutrality in the future. Based on the analysis of carbon neutrality policies and actions in major European countries, America, Japan and China, this paper puts forward two technical paths and their feasibility of low-carbon and zero carbon of ICE in the near and medium term, as well as the key technologies to be solved for zero carbon ICE fueled by biomass fuel, green hydrogen, green ammonia and green electricity synthesized fuel (e-fuel). It aims to explore the road of sustainable development for the future of ICE. Existing research shows that ICE, as an efficient and high power density thermal engine for converting chemical energy into mechanical energy, still has a large room for energy saving through the combination of electrification and intelligent technologies. Compared with fuel cell power, ICE has a more complete industrial chain, higher technical maturity and lower cost. By utilizing zero carbon fuels, ICE can still be widely used in large-scale power equipment such as heavy trucks, construction machinery, ships and aviation, so as to promote the early realization of carbon peak and carbon neutrality in China’s energy and transportation field. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Review of status for automotive fuel and future forecast YAO Chun-De, XU Han-Jun Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (2): 101-110.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.002 Abstract （2941）      PDF （1445KB）（3431）       Knowledge map    For saving energy and protecting environment, it is necessary to develop new automotive fuel for current as well as future demand. The authors review the state-of-art and development of current petrol fuels for automobiles as well as various kinds of alternative fuels available for them, and also foresee the future for the development of those fuels. The conclusion is that the petroleum fuel will play dominant roles in long time of future, but gaseous fuel will be adopted in certain areas; alcoholic and etheric fuel will come to be used more and more, some new fuels may also be applied on automobiles. With the development of technology, multiple fuels will be selected as the research and application tendency in the future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Morphologic Characteristics of Korean Elderly Rib Mario Conte, Fiorentino V. Conte, Ira D. Bloom, Kenji Morita, Tomohiko Ikeya, Jeffrey R. Belt Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (2): 134-144.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.006 Abstract （3000）      PDF （2128KB）（3430）       Knowledge map    The electrically-driven vehicles, ranging from limited (mild) hybrid to plug-in hybrid to fully-battery powered, will rely on a new class of advanced storage batteries, such as those based on lithium, to meet different technical and economical targets. The performance and life determination in the various applications of these batteries is a time-consuming and costly testing activity. These costs and efforts, actually carried out in different countries, may be better leveraged through international collaboration, such as that under preparation in the framework of the International Energy Agency.  Here, a new effort is under development that will establish standardized, accelerated testing procedures and will allow battery testing organizations to cooperate in the analysis of the resulting data. This paper reviews the present state-of-the-art in accelerated life testing procedures in Europe, Japan and the US. The existing test procedures will be collected, compared and analyzed with the goal of an international collaboration. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Research progress of high efficient and clean combustion of automotive gasoline engines WANG Jianxin, WANG Zhi Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2010, 1 (3): 167-178.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2010.03.001 Abstract （3134）      PDF （2466KB）（3420）       Knowledge map    This paper illustrates the development of Chinese automotive industry and the evolvement of related energy and emission regulations in the decade 2000—2009. It points out that the importance of energy-saving will exceed the problem of pollution. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) and downsizing are the main two approaches for low fuel consumption.The downsizing technology for port fuel injection (PFI) gasoline engines has an advantage of low cost, while the downsizing technology for GDI engines has a better fuel economy. The 2nd generation of GDI engines with stoichiometric combustion has a limited potential of low fuel consumption. The 3rd generation of GDI engine should solve three problems, including knock at high compression ratio, combustion stability in exhaust diluted atmosphere, and particulate matters formation in stratified mixture. Homogeneous charge compression ignition ( HCCI) is an ideal combustion mode for energy-saving and emission reduction of gasoline engines. Gasoline/diesel dual-fuel combustion can reach the highest benefit on fuel consumption, providing the possibility for unification of gasoline engines and diesel engines in the future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics