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  Current status and development trends of European new energy vehicles WANG Shanjin, CHENG Yuan Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2021, 12 (2): 135-149.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2021.02.001 Abstract （1346）   HTML （109）    PDF （1247KB）（9452）       Knowledge map    This article introduces the current status and development trends of new energy vehicles in Europe, covering the European auto market, the EU’s carbon emission regulations, the new energy promotion policies of EU governments, and the new energy vehicle strategies and technical road-maps of European original equipment manufactures (OEMs). Although the long-term goals of new energy vehicles of major European OEMs are different, because they must comply with the same CO2 emission regulations, the short-term technical road-maps are similar, that is, pure electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles go hand in hand. In terms of power batteries, European OEMs have all adopted lithium ion battery technology; In terms of pure electric powertrain system, European OEMs basically adopt the configuration of drive motor combined with single speed reducer; In terms of hybrid powertrain systems, the choice of European OEMs is based on the parallel structure, which has not only potential for optimizing energy transmission efficiency, enriching working modes, but also giving full play to the traditional advantages of European OEMs in engine and transmission technology. It is worth mentioning that dedicated hybrid transmission (DHT) technology has been successfully launched in Europe. This technology can give full play to the advantages of electrified powertrains and is forming a development trend. The EU’s strict CO2 emission regulations are the biggest driving force to ensure the sustainable development of new energy vehicles in the next few decades. Europe’s strength in traditional automotive technology, production, and sales is also becoming a strong advantage in the development of its new energy vehicles. It is expected that in the next ten years, the share of new energy vehicles in Europe will continue to grow steadily, and new energy vehicles will dominate the European market before 2040 Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Current status of the research on key technologies of vehicle fuel cell stack ZHANG Junliang, CHENG Ming, LUO Xiashuang, LI Huiyuan, LUO Liuxuan, CHENG Xiaojing, YAN Xiaohui, SHEN Shuiyun Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2022, 13 (1): 1-28.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2022.01.001 Abstract （786）   HTML （107）    PDF （8210KB）（9017）       Knowledge map    The proposed “Double Carbon” policy has brought a broad prospect to the development of hydrogen energy. Fuel cell, as the best way of hydrogen energy utilization, has been embracing a new round of prosperity in research field and industry, and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), which is maturely developed in commercial vehicles, has gained more attention. Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and bipolar plate (BPP) are two key components of PEMFC stacks, and they directly determine the cost and performance of the stacks. The technologies of water and thermal management and cold start also play vital roles for the realization of stack performance and the promotion of practical application. This article comprehensively illustrates the impact of various technologies above on the performance, lifespan and cost of stacks, and then points out their development trend. In addition, fuel cell vehicles will be applied as buses and heavy duty trucks in near future. And the application as passenger cars put forward higher requirements on power density and cost of stack. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Research and development of automotive lightweight technology FAN Zijie, GUI Liangjin, SU Ruiyi Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2014, 5 (01): 1-16.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.01.001 Abstract （1413）      PDF （2587KB）（8135）       Knowledge map    Lightweighting of automotive is an important measure for energy conservation and emissions reduction with significance for sustainable development of automotive industry. This paper summarizes the current research and future trends of automotive lightweight technology in China and in the world from three aspects: the structural optimization, the lightweight materials, and the advanced manufacturing technology. The review includes the basic principles and research developments of structural size optimization, shape optimization, to pological optimization, and multidisciplinary design optimization. And it introduces the applications of high-strength steel, aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy, plastic material, composite material; as well as the applications of hydroform and laser welding in automotive industry. The authors think that the lightweight technology future research area are the improvement of automotive structural optimization theory, the multi-material integration, the lightweight components, and the systematization and integration of lightweight technology. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Key technologies and fundamental academic issues for traction battery systems ZHANG Jianbo, LU Languang, LI Zhe Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2012, 3 (2): 87-104.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.02.001 Abstract （3047）      PDF （2451KB）（7996）       Knowledge map    The limitation of traction battery systems in performance, cost, life, and safety constitutes the bottleneck for the diffusion of electric vehicles. This paper analyzes dozens of electric vehicles in the phase of R & D and several major commercialized electric vehicles, identifies and reviews four key technologies for the traction battery system, the assembly of cells into the battery, thermal management, electric energy management, and safety. Underlying these key technologies, two fundamental academic issues are specified: 1) the generation, transfer, and removal of heat in the stacked composite system comprising cells and heat conduction plates/flow fields; 2) the modeling, identification, and control of the battery system comprising a multitude of non-linear, time-varying cells connected in parallel and series. Further development tendency for traction battery systems are viewed, such as the smart cell and the integration with the grid and internet. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Two Methods Studying Internal Resistance for Lithium-ion Battery Life Estimation Used in EV LIU Qi, LIU Jun-Yong, MIAO Qiang, CHEN Guo-Qiang, WANG Da-Zhi Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (2): 145-149.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.007 Abstract （3077）      PDF （1518KB）（7134）       Knowledge map    Life prediction and performance state estimation online are important in the life stage for each lithium-ion battery in electrical vehicles (EVs). The battery capacity and internal resistance were used to compare the model structure and the chemical meaning of eigen-parameters of two basic approaches; one is the identification of specific parameters based on the Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) in the time domain and the other is Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) analysis in the frequency domain. The results show that the common inherent conflict between the nonlinearity of batteries and the linearization of the identification algorithm constrains the development of lithium-ion battery in EV. Therefore, proposals such as aging mechanism, new life modeling approach, hardware structures and algorithm improvement are given to resolve the difficulties encountered in the implementation of battery life estimation online for lithium-ion systems. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Design and implementation of FOC control algorithm for PMSM motor based on Matlab/Simulink Pawel Stojaczyk, Dawid Woroch, HONG BO, WEI Yintao* Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2014, 5 (02): 166-171.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.02.008 Abstract （989）      PDF （2285KB）（6165）       Knowledge map    PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor) drive systems has been having general used in various industries needed high precision control due to a rapid development of microprocessors. The proper system configuration is still complex and time consuming. To overcome such a limitation, this paper presents a FOC (Field Oriented Control) algorithm for PMSM speed control algorithm performed in Matlab/Simulink by using standard blocks only, which is realized in almost any DSP (Digital Signal Processing) processor by using auto-coding tool in Matlab. STM32F4 microcontroller was employed. Simple Active Currents Reading Error Compensator was introduced for appropriate feedback signals filtering. Precision of the signal was set to around 10 mA of current –10 Bit with an Analog-to-Digital Converter operated by three bidirectional 5-A Hall current sensors. A PMSM sensored motor was tested in 0~2 000 r/min. The experimental step responses to desired speeds show good dynamic and smooth performance of the entire system. Related Articles | Metrics

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  State-of-the-art and technical trends of intelligent and connected vehicles LI Keqiang, DAI Yifan, LI Shengbo, BIAN Mingyuan Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2017, 08 (01): 1-14.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2017.01.001 Abstract （1386）      PDF （2806KB）（6003）       Knowledge map    The state-of-the-art and technical trends of intelligent and connected vehicle (ICV) are illustrated. The ICV system architecture included the value chain, technology chain and industrial chain. The four stages of ICVs were the advanced assistance, connected assistance, cooperative automation and highly/fully automated driving. Some key technologies of ICVs were introduced such as environmental perception, decision making, dynamical control, human-machine copilot, V2X communication and platform, cyber security. Therefore, China should develop the ICV industry rely on the top-down design by using the national institutional advantages because the ICV will be an important direction of the automotive technology in the future, and the ICV development is a great opportunity for the transformation and upgrading of China's automobile industry. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Battery Thermal Management System with Liquid Cooling and Heating in Electric Vehicles YUAN Hao, WANG Li-Fang, WANG Li-Ye Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2012, 3 (4): 371-380.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.04.011 Abstract （1979）      PDF （2996KB）（5847）       Knowledge map    The performance and life of electric-vehicle battery-systems are affected by the temperature. A liquid cooling/heating Battery Thermal Management (BTM) with an optimum geometric structure was designed to keep the average battery-system temperature in the range from 20 ℃ to 45 ℃ and the temperature gradient within 3 ℃ . According to overall system flow balancing in a BTM, cooling/heating plates with different structure parameters were simulated to investigate cooling effects of the BTM. An infrared thermal imager monitored the cooling/heating plate temperature rises in battery-system heating experiments. Experimental and simulation results were shown to be the same. The results show that the structure with an inlet and an outlet on the same side has an even flow distribution. By combining the simulation and optimization, the obtained optimum combination of the inlet velocity and the temperature in the cooling/heating plate reduces the plate-surfacetemperature standard-deviation to 2.61 ℃ , and makes the battery system uniformly heated. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Innovation in Automotive Engineering: A look into the future Henning Wallentowitz Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2013, 4 (2): 95-108.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2013.02.001 Abstract （2138）      PDF （2391KB）（5651）       Knowledge map    Several countries’ governments are producing mandatory regulations of automotive engineering to reduce CO2 emission and fuel consumption. The electric vehicles are one of the results by engineers' special efforts. This paper gives a wider view of innovation of automotive engineering and a look into the future. Technology trends include that 1) More Intelligent driver assistance systems can be distinguished into safety functions, comfort functions, traffic efficiency improvement and environmental effect reduction; 2) Body technology is determined by the used materials with competition between multi-materials, steel, and carbon fibres; 3) Chassis technology is improved by integrated vehicle dynamics control, active suspension components and material application; 4) Drive trains are converted into hybrid-drives with intelligent solutions on the horizon for these hybrid gearboxes, but also for four-wheel drive systems; 5) Electronic control is focusing on central control modules, the mobile phone for quite new applications and inventions for car lighting. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Rear Seat Occupant Protection: What Do We Know and What is the Future? HU Jingwen Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2016, 07 (04): 339-354.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2016.04.001 Abstract （754）      PDF （1538KB）（5420）       Knowledge map    Field data analyses have shown that the occupant protection in rear seats failed to keep pace with the advances in front seats likely due to their low occupancy and the lack of advanced safety technologies. This study provided a comprehensive literature review on rear seat occupant protection addressing the different needs for a diverse population, ranging from children in harness restraints to adults with a wide range of stature, age, and body shape. Based on the findings from field data analyses, experimental studies, and computational simulations, rear seat safety can be improved by properly using age-appropriate child restraints and introducing adjustable/advanced/adaptive features into the rear seat restraint systems. However, the lack of biofidelic injury assessment tools for children, older, and/or obese occupants will be one of the major challenges for further improving the rear seat safety. The increased proportion of older and obese populations, the growth of lightweight vehicles, the popularity of smart-phone-based ride service, and the advances in active safety technology and autonomous vehicles will likely increase the significance of rear seat safety but at the same time will pose additional challenges. All these trends suggested that more efforts on optimizing rear seat restraint systems adapting to a wide range of impact conditions, occupant characteristics and sitting postures are necessary in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Research status and prospects of automotive safety technology SONG Jian, WANG Weiwei, LI Liang Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2010, 1 (2): 98-106.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2010.02.002 Abstract （2604）      PDF （2516KB）（5078）       Knowledge map    The current international vehicle technology was introduced. This article described the passive safety technology: automotive collision safety design and vehicle structure design technology, key technology of advanced passenger restraint systems, vehicle safety devices to protect pedestrians, collision safety and security performance evaluation database platform; and the active safety technology: vehicle dynamics stability control technology, integrated chassis control technology, intelligent security auxiliary control technology, pre-warning technology based on people - Vehicle dangerous condition monitoring. A development mode of the advanced automotive security technology, was proposed. The  trends of the car-road coordinate control, intelligent highway and basic research of common technology were also preseuted. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Status and prospect of automotive safety technology in China ZHAO Fu-Quan, WU Cheng-Ming, PAN Zhi-Jie, LIU Wei-Guo, LIU Wei Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (2): 111-121.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.003 Abstract （3144）      PDF （1917KB）（5042）       Knowledge map     Investments of automotive safety technology have substantially been increased due to heavy casualty in traffic accident in China. It thereby accelerates the improvement of R&D capability of safety technology and commercialization process. The fact that the domestic-brand vehicles have achieved C-NCAP 5-star rating marks a great leap forward in terms of passive safety technology in China. The research of passive safety is further performed with regard to pedestrian protection, rear-row passenger’s protection, whiplash protection and cyclist protection. Meanwhile, the research and development of active safety, pre-crash safety and intelligent automotive network system have become the focuses. The perfect combination of high level active and passive safety technology regarding to passenger, vehicle and environment will promote the accomplishment of safety philosophy of zero crash and zero casualty. The subject establishment of state-level development and industrialization, and regulations constitution and perfection thereof will become the driving force of rapid growth of auto safety technology Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Corporate average fuel consumption (CAFC)and uts limit standard of passenger vehicle in China MA Dong, AN Feng, KANG Li-Ping Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2012, 3 (4): 364-370.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.04.010 Abstract （2253）      PDF （1954KB）（4906）       Knowledge map    To promote the fuel economy level of passenger vehicle industry in China is beneficial to energy saving and emission reduction. The Corporate Average Fuel Consumption (CAFC) of passenger vehicles in China market was investigated based on the authority’s data and standards. The results show that the passenger-vehicle CAFC in China market in the year of 2011 is 7.5 L/(100 km), which overall meets the target value of Phase 2 in the "Limits of Fuel Consumption for Passenger Cars" (GB 19578-2004, 2004-09-02) of China, but does not meet the target of Phase 3 (GB 27999-2011, 2011-12-30). The vehicle companies with independent-brands have lower real CAFC values than those with the joint-venture-brands, but have a higher ratio of the real value to the CAFC target standard, so they have more work to do to meet the Phase 3 standard. Compared with domestic vehicles, imported passenger vehicles have higher CAFC real values and a higher ratio of the real value to the target standard, which shows a severe challenge to the domestic vehicles. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Research and development of autonomous emergency brake（AEB) technology HE Ren, FENG Haipeng Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2019, 10 (1): 1-15.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2019.01.001 Abstract （763）      PDF （1599KB）（4864）       Knowledge map    A research progresses on the working principle, development path, application status and regulation of the autonomous emergency braking (AEB) technology were introduced to promote the car’s autonomous emergency braking technology to be safer and more efficient. The key technologies related to the comprehensive performance of AEB system were summarized, including collision avoidance strategy, braking execution technology and front-end perception technology. The results show that AEB system can effectively avoid or mitigate collision, which can greatly improve the vehicle's active safety performance. However, AEB system can’t avoid any collision at higher vehicle speed and more complex traffic scenarios on account of low level braking execution technology and front-end perception technology. The technology focus for AEB will be comprehensive performance optimization of collision avoidance strategy in more complex traffic scenarios, the development of brake actuators based on shorter response time objectives, and the deep integration and the coordinated control of multiple active safety technologies under dangerous driving conditions. Related Articles | Metrics

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  GDI Engine Operation with Ethanol/Gasoline Blends and Aqueous Ethanol Richard STONE, Longfei CHEN, Nathan HINTON, Felix LEACH, Fan XU Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2012, 3 (3): 257-264.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.03.009 Abstract （2301）      PDF （3857KB）（4777）       Knowledge map    Ethanol is being promoted as a renewable fuel and as a means of improving energy security. The blends of gasoline and ethanol from 0 – 100 % ethanol were studied to evaluate their spray characteristics, combustion performances, and particulate emissions with blends of ethanol and water with up to 40 % water by volume being tested to research the combustion performances of different water ethanol blends and the miscibility of water with ethanol/gasoline blends using ternary phase diagrams for gasoline, ethanol, and water. The results show that presence of water in ethanol/gasoline mixtures is not an impediment to their use as a fuel in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. Adding ethanol to gasoline increases the injected fuel volume and the persistence of the fuel sprays, especially for a cold engine, leads to reduced mixture homogeneity, a decrease in the combustion stability, and an increase in particulate matter emissions for a stoichiometric mixture. Adding water to ethanol further increases injected fuel volume, but the increase in combustion duration and reduction in combustion stability are not significant with up to 30 % water by volume. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Current status and trends of the research and development for fuel cell vehicles LI Jianqiu, FANG Chuan, XU Liangfei Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2014, 5 (01): 17-29.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.01.002 Abstract （1480）      PDF （1365KB）（4613）       Knowledge map    A review on the state-of-art in the world for fuel cell technology was given, which is an efficient, clean, and new energy technology, including in China, northern America, European Union, Japan, South Korea and so on. A comparison analysis was made in different aspects, such as the technical specifications of fuel cell vehicles, the lifetime and the environmental adaptability of fuel cell engines, the hydrogen storage system, the key materials, the auxiliary system of fuel cells, the demonstration of fuel cell vehicles and the infrastructure of hydrogen refueling stations. The results show that global automobile companies are prepared for the industrialization of fuel cell vehicles, and will enter mass production stage in 2015; while fuel cell vehicles are still in the demonstration stage in China. The future hot points in next generation fuel cell vehicles are the cell life extension, the system cost reduction, the hydrogen infrastructure construction, and commercial demonstration. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Development status and trend of connected automated vehicle highway system RAN Bin, TAN Huachun, ZHANG Jian, QU Xu Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2018, 9 (2): 119-130.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2018.02.001 Abstract （604）      PDF （1754KB）（4519）       Knowledge map    Development status and trend of connected automated vehicle highway (CAVH) system are presented. The system consists of four key modules: sensing module, fusion and prediction module, planning module, and control module. The system initially starts from a level of “simple vehicle, smart road” or “smart system” and gradually migrates to a higher-level system of “smart vehicle, smart road”, which can significantly improve transportation efficiency, traffic safety and energy consumption. The development of the CAVH system is very important for China. Accordingly, the roles and functions of government agencies in transportation planning, construction and management need be well defined to develop the CAVH system. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Fuel Additives for Future Fuel and Vehicle Technologies Joseph W. ROOS, Larry J. CUNNINGHAM, Xu Fuqiang Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2010, 1 (2): 107-114.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2010.02.003 Abstract （2291）      PDF （1760KB）（4437）       Knowledge map    Authors reviewed the role of fuel additive in producing quality transportation fuels and fuel additive for optimal vehicle performance, meanwhile studied fuel additive application for advanced hybrid vehicles and direct injection engines. Transportation fuel and vehicle technology are rapidly evolving in response to regulatory and commercial efforts to assure energy supply, improve fuel economy and reduce mobile source emissions.  Along with these changes, the fuels must meet the demands for transportation and storage in a safe and efficient manner and the vehicle performance requirements to ensure acceptable operation in consumer use.  This evaluation looks at the broad class of fuel additives and considers how they can provide fuel producers with a means to readily deliver safe and effective transportation of fuel and to allow for effective operation of changing engine technologies.  Related Articles | Metrics

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  Key technique of deep neural network and its applications in autonomous driving LI Shengbo, GUAN Yang, HOU Lian, GAO Hongbo, DUAN Jingliang, LIANG Shuang，WANG Yu, CHENG Bo, LI Keqiang, REN Wei, LI Jun Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2019, 10 (2): 119-145.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2019.02.001 Abstract （715）      PDF （2819KB）（4348）       Knowledge map    Autonomous driving is one of the three major innovations in automotive industry. Deep learning is a crucial method to improve automotive intelligence due to its outstanding abilities of data fitting, feature representation and model generalization. This paper reviewed the technologies of deep neural network (DNN) for autonomous vehicles, which covered its history, main algorithms and key technical application. The historical timeline of DNN, its “Unit-Layer-Network” architecture, and two types of representative models were introduced. The training algorithms centered on back propagation (BP), labelled datasets and free-source frameworks for deep learning were summarized, followed by the introduction to computing platforms and model optimization technologies. Finally, the applications of DNN in autonomous vehicles were discussed, including object detection and semantic segmentation, hierarchical and end-to-end decision-making, longitudinal and lateral motion control. The applicable methods and future works for different key problems of DNN in autonomous vehicles were pointed out. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Research and development of automobile electromagnetic brake technology for commercial vehicles HE Ren, HU Donghai, ZHANG Duanjun Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2013, 4 (3): 202-214.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2013.03.002 Abstract （2270）      PDF （4938KB）（4264）       Knowledge map    Electromagnetic brakes (EBs) are widely applied in commercial vehicles for their characteristics of contactless, fast response, and simple controlling. The principle and research situation of EBs were given to expand their application scopes and functions. The application status, the structure, the working principle and the control method of EBs were discussed to three main EBs including the eddy current retarder, the rotary eddy current retarder, and the self-excited retarder for commercial vehicle. The results show that the key technologies are the external and inner characteristics of the electromagnetic brakes, the matching designs and the design of control strategy and the controller of united braking system of both electromagnetic and friction. Technology focus for electromagnetic braking will be the integrated system of electromagnetic brakes and frictional brakes, and function extension of electromagnetic brake system. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Developing trends of automotive safety technology: An analysis based on traffic accident data LI Yibing, SUN Yueting, XU Chengliang Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2016, 07 (03): 241-253.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2016.03.001 Abstract （492）      PDF （2781KB）（4092）       Knowledge map    Along with the development of economy and vehicle technology, traffic accidents have some particular characteristics including the high mortality of vulnerable road users and ‘nonstandard groups’ of people, crash incompatibility, high death rate of single-vehicle accidents, and a significant number of accidents caused by drivers’ insufficient perception. The developing trends of active safety technologies and passive safety technologies in terms of each subsystem by analyzing the traffic accident data in China, Europe and the United States since 2000. The main trends of passive safety include protection on vulnerable road users, adaptive passenger protection, crash compatibility and adaptive crashworthiness. The main trends of active safety include vehicle dynamic management and intelligent driving assistant. The comprehensive safety technology integrating the active and passive safety will be an important trend for the development of future vehicles. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Technical characteristics and prospects of power transmissions for commercial vehicles under the “Carbon-Peak and Carbon-Neutrality” target XU Xiangyang, ZHAO Junwei, DONG Peng, WANG Shuhan, LIU Yanfang Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2023, 14 (4): 395-412.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2023.04.001 Abstract （284）   HTML （28）    PDF （4252KB）（4088）       Knowledge map    Commercial vehicles are an important force in road transportation and a large carbon emitter. Realizing the green transformation and development of commercial vehicles is an important breakthrough in accelerating the achievement of the “Carbon-Peak and Carbon-Neutrality” target in the automotive industry. However, policy-driven and market demand have posed new challenges and requirements for the development of commercial vehicle technology, especially with the emergence of multiple technological routes for power transmissions. This paper focuses on the application scenarios of medium and heavy trucks, light and pickup trucks, and buses under different power sources such as traditional fuel, hybrid, pure electric, and hydrogen fuel cell, and analyzes the technical characteristics, product spectrum, applicability in different scenarios, and technological development trends of power transmission systems for commercial vehicles. A new prospect is put forward for the development of power transmission technologies for commercial vehicles to provide a reference for the technical path selection and technological innovation and development of commercial vehicle transmissions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  PEM Fuel Cells: Current Status and Challenges for Electrical#br# Vehicle Applications LI Bing, LI Hui, MA Jian-Xin, WANG Hai-Jiang Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2010, 1 (4): 260-269.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2010.04.002 Abstract （3089）      PDF （1740KB）（4022）       Knowledge map    Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology has already made tremendous advances. However, performance, cost, and durability remain the key problems before PEM fuel cells can be successfully commercialized. This paper is a review of current status in the study of PEM fuel cells and the existing challenges for their use in electrical vehicle (EV) applications,basedon a survey of the published literature. In reviewing the current status, we introduce presentstate-ofthe- art PEM fuel cell technology for EV applications and look at key technical achievements. PEM fuel cell research has made particularly significant progress in improving performance, cost, and durability, primarily focusing on the main components of the stack and system. Nonetheless, commercialization of fuel cell electrical vehicle (FCEV) applications is still confronted with performance, cost, and durability hurdles, hindering the achievement of the 2010/2015 US DOE (Department of Energy) targets. The maintenance of fuel cell vehicles as another component of their future commercializationwas also reviewed. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Safe distance model and obstacle detection algorithms for a collision warning and collision avoidance system PEI Xiaofei, LIU Zhaodu, MA Guocheng, YE Yang Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2012, 3 (1): 26-33.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.01.004 Abstract （2894）      PDF （1907KB）（3968）       Knowledge map    Safe-driving was assisted with key parameters calibrated according to the driver’s characteristics using a developed system of vehicle collision warning and collision avoidance (CW/CA). The system defines the inverse of time-to-collision (TTC-1) as the evaluation index with the grading warning and braking safe distance model adopted based on hazardous level ε . A millimeter waveradar obstacle detection method was designed with adaptive cruise control (ACC). The system configuration and control logic were designed based on a Jetta car with the collision avoidance test and the manual / automatic interaction test implemented on dry roads. The real car experiments show that the CW/CA system in accordance with desired TTC-1 index improves vehicle active safety, and embodies the driver’s priority and cooperation. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Contactless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicle Battery Charger Yuichi NAGATSUKA, Shingo NOGUCHI, Yasuyoshi KANEKO, Shigeru ABE, Tomio YASUDA, Kazuhiko IDA, Akira SUZUKI, Ryoichi YAMANOUCHI Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (2): 150-156.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.008 Abstract （2787）      PDF （2382KB）（3903）       Knowledge map      Contactless power transfer systems are desirable having more compact and lightweight for electric vehicles (EVs) recharging. A transformer of the system was developed according to the criteria of having high efficiency, a large air gap, and good tolerance to misalignment. The transformer uses series and parallel capacitors with rectangular cores and double-sided windings, with the size of 240 mm×300 mm×40 mm, the gap length of (70 ± 20) mm, the misalignment tolerance in the lateral direction of ± 125 mm, and the secondary mass of 4.6 kg. The characteristics of the system were studied with a charge control circuit and lead acid batteries being connected to the secondary winding. The results show that an output power of 1.5 kW and efficiency of 95% was achieved in the normal position and that the system has acompact-structure, light-weight, and satisfies the above criteria. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  State of the art and outlook of diesel emission regulations and aftertreatment technologies SHUAI Shijin, TANG Tao, ZHAO Yanguang, HUA Lun Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2012, 3 (3): 200-217.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.03.002 Abstract （2588）      PDF （8392KB）（3855）       Knowledge map    Diesel engine has advantages of low fuel consumption, high torque output and wide power range, and has been widely used in transportation and engineering machinery as a power. The diesel powered vehicles can only meet future stringent emission regulations using aftertreatment devices. This paper compared the different vehicle emission regulations in Europe, the USA, Japan and China, and analyzed in-cylinder and aftertreatment technical approaches to meet the emission regulations for light-duty and heavy-duty diesel vehicles. The research status of the mainstream aftertreatment technologies like diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) selective catalytic reduction (SCR), lean NOx trap (LNT) and diesel particulate filter (DPF) was described and discussed. The future development of the diesel emission regulations and aftertreatment technologies was prospected. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Temperature sensitivity of lithium-ion battery: A review LI Ping, AN Fuqiang, ZHANG Jianbo, WANG Haoran Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2014, 5 (03): 224-237.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.03.002 Abstract （1350）      PDF （3316KB）（3813）       Knowledge map    Temperature sensitivity statistics were collected and analyzed for lithium-ion battery (LIB) of electric vehicles (EV) based on survey of papers and patents. The results show that low and high temperatures have great effect on the performances, respectively, severely affecting the operation and the market penetration of EVs. To mitigate this problem, some techniques are used including changing raw material properties, optimizing cell designs, and using battery thermal management systems (BTMS). Further research for temperature sensitivity is to improve the cathode materials and anode materials of LIB to increase electric conductivities and ionic conductivities; to optimize electrode structures and cell structures to uniform thermal and electrical distribution; to develop new protocols for alternating current (AC) preheating/charging at low temperatures; and to incorporate the liquid cooling method. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Low carbon and zero carbon technology paths and key technologies of ICEs under the background of carbon neutrality SHUAI Shijin, WANG Zhi, MA Xiao, XU Hongming, HE Xin, WANG Jianxin Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2021, 12 (4): 417-439.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2021.04.001 Abstract （5211）   HTML （639）    PDF （4021KB）（3766）       Knowledge map    Since China promised to “reach the carbon peak in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060” at the 75th United Nations General Assembly in September 2020, the Paris Agreement signed by major countries and regions in 2016 has controlled the rise of global temperature and accelerated carbon neutrality policies and actions. As the leading power of a large number of road and non-road mobile machinery and national defense equipment, internal combustion engine (ICE) not only undertakes the important mission of energy saving and emission reduction in the near and medium term, but also faces great challenges and important opportunities on how to achieve carbon neutrality in the future. Based on the analysis of carbon neutrality policies and actions in major European countries, America, Japan and China, this paper puts forward two technical paths and their feasibility of low-carbon and zero carbon of ICE in the near and medium term, as well as the key technologies to be solved for zero carbon ICE fueled by biomass fuel, green hydrogen, green ammonia and green electricity synthesized fuel (e-fuel). It aims to explore the road of sustainable development for the future of ICE. Existing research shows that ICE, as an efficient and high power density thermal engine for converting chemical energy into mechanical energy, still has a large room for energy saving through the combination of electrification and intelligent technologies. Compared with fuel cell power, ICE has a more complete industrial chain, higher technical maturity and lower cost. By utilizing zero carbon fuels, ICE can still be widely used in large-scale power equipment such as heavy trucks, construction machinery, ships and aviation, so as to promote the early realization of carbon peak and carbon neutrality in China’s energy and transportation field. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Solutions for the durability of fuel cells in vehicle applications YI Bao-Lian, HOU Ming Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (2): 91-100.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.001 Abstract （3387）      PDF （1428KB）（3737）       Knowledge map    Durability is one of the challenges for the commercialization of fuel cell vehicles. The mechanisms and solutions for fuel cell degradation are elucidated from the material and system point of view. In the aspect of fuel cell system, typical operating processes are analyzed, such as driving cycles, start-stop, low load and idle conditions, in which reactant starvation, dynamic potential scanning and local high potential have significant impacts on the fuel cell durability. Feasible strategies are also discussed for mitigating the degradation. The current state and perspective are addressed on the durability of key material in fuel cells, i.e., catalyst, catalyst support, proton exchange membrane, membrane electrode assembly and bipolar plate. The effective methods to enhance the fuel cell durability should be based on both the material innovation and system improvement. Currently, the improvement on system control strategy is a feasible way to prolong fuel cell lifetime although it has been result in a complex system. Nevertheless, material innovation is a long term task to promote the fuel cell durability. Fuel cells with advanced durable materials and simply system is a desirable goal for the fuel cell vehicle application. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Research progress of high efficient and clean combustion of automotive gasoline engines WANG Jianxin, WANG Zhi Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2010, 1 (3): 167-178.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2010.03.001 Abstract （3160）      PDF （2466KB）（3620）       Knowledge map    This paper illustrates the development of Chinese automotive industry and the evolvement of related energy and emission regulations in the decade 2000—2009. It points out that the importance of energy-saving will exceed the problem of pollution. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) and downsizing are the main two approaches for low fuel consumption.The downsizing technology for port fuel injection (PFI) gasoline engines has an advantage of low cost, while the downsizing technology for GDI engines has a better fuel economy. The 2nd generation of GDI engines with stoichiometric combustion has a limited potential of low fuel consumption. The 3rd generation of GDI engine should solve three problems, including knock at high compression ratio, combustion stability in exhaust diluted atmosphere, and particulate matters formation in stratified mixture. Homogeneous charge compression ignition ( HCCI) is an ideal combustion mode for energy-saving and emission reduction of gasoline engines. Gasoline/diesel dual-fuel combustion can reach the highest benefit on fuel consumption, providing the possibility for unification of gasoline engines and diesel engines in the future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics