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Welcome to Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy,
汽车安全与节能学报

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  • 2018, Vol. 9 No. 01 Published on:31 March 2018 Previous issue    Next issue
    Progress & Prospects
    A Review on Failure Modeling Methods of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites
    QIAO Yangyang, BAI Yuanli
    2018, 9(01):  1-10.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2018.01.001
    Abstract ( 276 )   PDF (1482KB) ( 648 )  

    Fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites have been found increasing applications in automotive and aerospace industries since 1960s due to their super mechanical properties. However, accurate prediction of composites damage and fracture are still very challenging because failure modes of composites are very
    complex. This review paper summarizes the major modelling methods for composites damage. These methods are classified into three categories, which are the failure criterion method, the continuum damage mechanics method, and plasticity method. The failure criterion method considers the initial or the final failure loci of composites, while the continuum damage mechanics method takes the degradation of material elastic modulus into account. The plasticity method considers the material non-linear behaviors as plasticity. The delamination modelling methods are also reviewed since it is a special failure mode for composites, which greatly depends on the fiber directions and laminate layup. A summary of the advantages and drawbacks of these modelling methods are also provided.

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    Advances in automotive air suspension: Components and systems
    WANG Wenlin, HOU Zhichao, ZOU Jun
    2018, 9(01):  11-24.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2018.01.002
    Abstract ( 449 )   PDF (1924KB) ( 1289 )  

    This paper reviews the developing history and advances in key components and the systems of automotive air suspension. Advanced technologies and researches in air spring, hydraulic damper or spring / damper strut, conventional air suspension, electronically controlled air suspension (ECAS) and air suspension for cabin and seat are introduced and analyzed in detail. The current core problems, technical obstacles in the development of the Chinese automotive air suspension are summarized, and the suggestion is proposed for current and future researches and development in this field, which includes the following aspects: The efforts to develop and use complex air springs with auxiliary chamber or internally-integrated height control valve need to be strengthened to improve the performance of anti in service fatigue; The efforts to develop active hydraulic dampers and active spring/damper modules need to be strengthened so that the independent product categories and standards are established as soon as possible to promote mass production and application; The
    independent development of air suspension should be persisted to gather experience with innovation and to cut the cost of time and money effectively; For ECAS technology, beside strengthening the efforts to develop key components and to improve vehicle dynamics control performance, the ability of fast designing and matching ECAS for different vehicles should be improved, and the accumulation of the fault modes and the diagnose experience also should be strengthen in components and system so that the reliability and safety of ECAS under complex in service situations can be improved.

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    Automotive Safety
    Effects of impact speeds and pedestrian ages on lower extremity serious injury risk
    WANG Bingyu, NIE Jin, OTTE Dietmar,WANG Fang, HAN Yong, PENG Qian
    2018, 9(01):  25-31.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2018.01.003
    Abstract ( 254 )   PDF (1419KB) ( 464 )  

    The lower extremity injury risks of pedestrian in real world accident were investigated. A subsample of 404 cases with pedestrian lower extremity injuries from the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS)  database were used to statistical analysis. Some logistic regression models of the risks for lower extremity
    AIS2+ injuries and tibia/fibula fractures were developed by means of vehicle impact speeds and pedestrian ages. The results show that impact speed and age are the two statistically significant predictors for pedestrians sustaining lower extremity AIS2+injuries and tibia/fibula fractures. In the selected sample, the lower extremity AIS2+ injury risk is 50% probability at the impact speed of 47.5 km/h. The tibia/fibula fracture injury risks are 50% at the impact speed of 64.5 km/h. The risk of injury increases with the increasing of age.

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    Application of generator for uncertainty reasoning in fatigue driving inspection
    XU Junli, MIN Jianliang, HU Jianfeng, WANG Ping
    2018, 9(01):  32-40.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2018.01.004
    Abstract ( 242 )   PDF (1738KB) ( 611 )  

    To detect and identify driving fatigue state, which is one of the causes of a traffic death accident; a two-dimensional cloud model was established based on the “percentage of eyelid closure over the pupil over time” (Per-clos) and blink time mean in view of the randomness and fuzziness of eye movement. Fourteen
    pieces of qualitative rules were constructed based on the cloud model features of the two parameters. A generator on 2-D and multi-rules was constructed for uncertainty reasoning in fatigue detection based on a 2-D single rule generator to recognize and detect the fatigue state of an experimental data of 60 samples. The analysis results show that the average recognition rate is 73.98%. Therefore, the method has higher detection rate than classification algorithm KNN (k-nearest neighbor) and SVM (support vector machine) under the same experimental data. The recognition rate of the generator can be improved when the number of training samples increases.

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    Adaptive constrained control of half-car active suspension system with actuator failures
    HUA Changchun, LIU Shiying, CHEN Jiannan, LI Liang
    2018, 9(01):  41-47.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2018.01.005.
    Abstract ( 154 )   PDF (2541KB) ( 476 )  

    An adaptive control scheme for half-car active suspension system with actuator failures was proposed to ensure the stable operation of the suspension system under the actuator failure. Under the proposed control framework, the half-car active suspension system was divided into two subsystems. The
    controller was designed based on the first subsystem, and the second subsystem was regarded as zero dynamic of this system. For the first system, the methods of constrained and adaptive controls were put, for the second subsystem, the stability analysis of zero dynamic was presented. The results show that the method of constrained control ensures that some important state variables of the system satisfy the given restrictive conditions. The adverse effects of the actuator failures can be compensated by the adaptive control method.The system is ensured to be uniformly ultimately bounded by the method of stability analysis. The simulation example verifies the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

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    Small test device of inter-collision sled without fixed barrier and its absorption characteristics
    CAO Libo, CHEN Long, WU Jun, WU Junting, SHI Xianyao
    2018, 9(01):  48-56.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2018.01.006
    Abstract ( 192 )   PDF (2139KB) ( 376 )  

    A small test device of inter-collision sled was developed with a foundation of length 25 m and width 2.2m and without any fixed barrier. The test device used elastic ropes as driving force with drawing collision energy absorption tubes to transform collision force from traditional external force between sled and fixed barrier to internal force between test sled and counter-weight sled by head-on collision. A finite element method (FEM) established and some quasi-static tensile tests were used to investigate the friction coefficient between the energy absorption tubes and the compression block and the energy absorption characteristics of the tubes. The objective function extracted from two comparison displacement-force curves was determined by using a least square method. The simulation results show that the displacement-force curve and deformation mode of the simulation are in good agreement with these of the experiment when the friction coefficient is 0.177. Therefore, changing the structure parameters of energy absorption can reproduce the variable acceleration waveforms in
    the Chinese National Standards, including GB15083-2006 and so on.

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    A new type of active anti-roll bar with variable stiffness and its anti-roll control
    ZHAO Shuen, ZHANG Ruidong
    2018, 9(01):  57-64.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2018.01.007.
    Abstract ( 183 )   PDF (2029KB) ( 1653 )  

    new type of nonlinear active anti-roll bar with variable torsional stiffness was designed to improve the anti-rollover ability in emergency obstacle avoidance and uneven pavement of heavy commercial vehicle. A vehicle dynamics model with active anti-roll bar of eight degrees of freedom was proposed. Using the genetic
    algorithm and linear quadratic regulator optimal control theory, the vehicle active anti-roll control simulation was analyzed with the vehicle of new anti-roll bar system. The results show that the anti-roll bar’s torsion stiffness changes with the pavement impact or the centrifugal force during turning by changing the distance between the anti-roll bar automatically. Comparison with the passive anti-roll bar, in high speed turning, the vehicle’s average roll angle with active anti-roll bar reduces by 30%, the anti-roll torque increases by about 13%, and the lateral load transfer rate reduces by about 20%; in small lateral acceleration, the anti-roll torque increases by about 44%, the lateral transfer rate reduces by about 23%, which proves that the active anti-roll bar and its control strategy can effectively improve vehicle ride comfort and anti-roll capability.

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    Vehicle stability control based on synergistic effect of active steering and differential braking  
    DU Feng, GUAN Zhiwei, GAO Bolin, DAI Jingang, WEI Lang
    2018, 9(01):  65-73.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2018.01.008
    Abstract ( 220 )   PDF (3672KB) ( 986 )  

    Considering the limitation by steering control to improve vehicle stability when the lateral tire force is saturated, a new stability control strategy was proposed to further increasing the margin of steering yaw moment of vehicle based on the synergy of rear-wheel active steering and unilateral-wheel differential braking.
    An active steering optimum controller of the rear-wheels and a stability fuzzy controller were designed, and the coordination scheme between them was introduced to distinguish each control tasks by using membership function of fuzzy control. The results show that the control system designed for vehicle stability can effectively avoid the occurrence of instability under dangerous conditions, its control effect is better than independent active steering control. 

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    Automotive Energy Efficiency & Environment Protection
    Particulate emission of direct injection gasoline engine with PEMS
    YIN Zenghui, FU Tieqiang, LI Guotian, JING Xiaojun, WANG Zhenyu, FANG Maodong
    2018, 9(01):  74-78.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2018.01.009
    Abstract ( 289 )   PDF (1264KB) ( 1097 )  

    Gasoline particle filter (GPF) is one of the most effective potential particulate emission limit technology for a direct injection gasoline (GDI) engine along with the increasingly stringent national regulations version 6 about emissions. This paper investigated the effect of speed and load variation on the emission characteristics of engine particle number (PN) and the effect of GPF capture efficiency under different temperatures using a test equipment of portable emission measurement system (PEMS) in a 2.0T GDI engine equipped with a GPF. The results showed that the total particle number (PN) concentration of GDI gasoline
    engine has a trend of "U", which increases sharply after the increase of load, and the PN concentration in the GPF is higher than that before the GPF. The accumulation of ash layer increases the interception and deposition of the mechanism of the particulate filter of the gasoline engine, deep bed filtration regime enhances and the filtering efficiency increases.

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    Process analysis for powertrain mode-switch of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
    SUN Qichun, WANG Junhua, GUO Hongjiang, ZHAO Yongqiang2
    2018, 9(01):  79-84.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2018.01.010
    Abstract ( 206 )   PDF (1454KB) ( 652 )  

    To master the control processes method of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) with series-parallel configuration, the coordinated control of different powertrain mode-switch dynamic were investigated and tested on typical cycles at normal temperature room with drum testing based on a HEV benchmarking. The results of theoretical analysis of different powertrain mode-switch processes were verified by the test results. The results show that the control strategy about switching process of the powertrain model of the vehicle is attributed to the engine start-stop process control and torque transfer process control. Through the coordination of two motors, the transfer and allocation of torque are completed effectively, and the dynamic switching between modes is realized. The test results are similar to the control process of theoretical analysis.

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    Performances of a methanol reforming microreactor with gradient porosity fiber support for hydrogen production
    ZHOU Wei,YU Wei,PEI Pucheng,KE Yuzhi,LIU Yangxu
    2018, 9(01):  85-92.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2018.01.011
    Abstract ( 187 )   PDF (2515KB) ( 494 )  

    Methanol reforming microreactor for hydrogen production is one of the effective tools to realize online hydrogen supply for fuel cells. A porous copper fiber sintered sheet (PCFSS) with gradient porosity was fabricated using the cutting copper fiber by a low temperature solid-phase sintering technology. A two-layer
    impregnation method was employed to load the Cu/Zn/Al/Zr catalysts on PCFSS. A surface morphology of PCFSS with different gradient porosities was discussed based on the scanning electronic microscope (SEM) observation. Some PCFSSs with different porosity structure were used as catalyst support in the microreactor for hydrogen production. Reaction performances were investigated by varying the reaction gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) and the temperature. The results show that the microreactor exhibits a better methanol conversion (95%) with the gradient PCFSS with a porosity of 90%~70% from the inlet to the outlet having a hydrogen molar flow rate of 0.51 mol/h and a better catalytic reaction stability compared with the PCFSS with an uniform porosity of 80%.

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    Potassium-based glassy catalyst and its performances for oxidation of particulate matter
    NIU Xiaowei, HUA Lun, ZHANG Jun, WANG Hong, CHEN Hongliang, SHUAI SHijin
    2018, 9(01):  93-98.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2018.01.012
    Abstract ( 198 )   PDF (1610KB) ( 364 )  

    The effect of different potassium (K) contents on the binding properties of a catalyst to the support and the catalytic oxidation of soot were investigated to develop a catalyst for efficient removal of soot particulate matter (PM) from diesel exhaust. K-based glassy ceramic coatings were prepared by sol-gel method using NiCrFe alloy corrugated foil as carrier. The commercial carbon black was substituted for the actual diesel soot by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analysis and catalytic activity test to simulate the leaching of potassium ions escape speed. The results show that K-based glassy ceramic coating can effectively inhibit the leaching rate of K+ and improve the catalytic oxidation performance of the catalyst on soot. The (K2O)0.5(Al2O3)0.5(SiO2) yielded the best catalytic results and exhibited 90% of soot conversion at 540 ℃ under loose contact conditions.

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    Automotive Energy Efficiency & Environment Protection
    Aging abuse boundary of lithium-ion cell above room temperature
    WU Zhengguo,ZHANG Jianbo,LI Zhe, LIAW Bor Yann
    2018, 9(01):  99-109.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2018.01.013
    Abstract ( 231 )   PDF (3221KB) ( 1322 )  

    The temperature stress levels within the range of 30 ℃ to 80 ℃ were investigated to determine the appropriated temperature range for conducting accelerated aging test. The aging mechanisms of lithium-ion cells were examined by using characteristics determined with ex situ characterization and post-mortem analysis
    methods. The results show that the aging rate is first reduced, and then increases with temperature rising.Based on the aging rate, the temperature range is divided into three regions. In the normal temperature region (30~56 ℃), the aging rate decreases with the temperature rising, and the lithium plating is observed; in the high temperature region(56~68 ℃), the diagnosis shows that the powder-off in the electrode resultes in capacity loss; in the medium temperature region(68~80 ℃), lithium-ion battery aging mechanism is the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth. The results can contribute to the design of accelerated aging experiment and the development of lithium-ion battery life prediction model.

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    Swelling performance of rubbers in blends of diesel and PODE  
    SHEN Yitao, HU Ting，CHEN Shu， WANG Hao
    2018, 9(01):  110-116.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2018.01.014
    Abstract ( 194 )   PDF (1517KB) ( 779 )  

    The swelling performance of rubbers in blends of diesel and polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE) was studied to solve the sealing problem when using PODE in diesel engines. Five diesel-PODE blends with 0%~40% PODE were selected as fuel samples and five kinds of normal rubbers and a special rubber
    perfluorinated elastomers (FFKM) were selected as sealing materials. Immersion method was used to study the swelling performance. The results show that both mass and diameter of each rubber change in the same trend. The mass of rubbers increases quickly in the initial stage of immersion and then keep stable, and decreases slowly finally. Under the fuels with the same PODE blending ratio, the mass change ratio of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) is the biggest and then in sequence of silicon rubber (QR), fluororubber (FKM), nitrilebutadiene rubber (NBR) and hydrogenate nitrile (HNBR). The mass change ratio increases as PODE blending ratio rise for all normal rubbers except EPDM. The mass change ratio decreases as PODE blending ratio rises for EPDM. Diethyl-ether and alcohol-ether type additive could restrict the swelling a little, only lower than 10%.FFKM could solve the swelling problem of diesel-PODE blends well.

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