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• 2014, Vol. 5 No. 02
  Published on:25 June 2014 Previous issue    Next issue
  Progress & Prospects

  World Movement on Development and Diffusion for Next-Generation Vehicles

  Sekio HIGUCHI

  2014, 5(02):  107-120.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.02.001

  Abstract ( 771 )   PDF (3027KB) ( 2065 )  

  World people are simultaneously dealing with the air pollution, global warming and increasing energy
  demand. So, the automobile electrification is expected to be a promising solution in major countries to overcome
  the worldwide stringent regulation of the fuel saving after 2020. Their ambitious goals of the electric vehicles on
  roads in 2020 are five million in China, two million in Japan, one million in Germany, and one million in USA in
  2015. Those countries are keen on developing advanced batteries, fuel-cell vehicles, safety vehicles, collisionfree
  vehicles, connected vehicles and autonomous vehicles, moreover, vehicle-to-home/ home-to-vehicle
  systems, ultra-small mobility used in residential areas, and emergency call systems. Through technologies from
  these wide fields, people are aiming at creating a new business and even a sustainable society.

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  Overview of ecological driving technology and application for ground vehicles

  LI Shengbo, XU Shaobing, WANG Wenjun, CHENG Bo

  2014, 5(02):  121-131.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.02.002

  Abstract ( 892 )   PDF (2084KB) ( 2150 )  

  The ecological driving technology of ground vehicles is critical for energy-sustainable road
  transportation. This technology, centered on the optimization and the coordination of driver, vehicle, road
  infrastructure and traffic flow, aims to reduce the fuel consumption of vehicles in travelling by reshaping
  drivers’ habits, assisting driving manipulation and implementing vehicular automation, etc. This paper
  summarizes the key aspects of vehicular eco-driving technology, including its history, the state of arts and the
  theoretical challenges. Two major identification methods of the eco-driving strategies are reviewed, i.e. the
  experiment based method and the optimization based method. The applications can be classified into the ecodriving
  education, the eco-driving assistance, and the eco-vehicular automation. The first item is easy to be
  implemented and suitable for government promotion; the second item has most promising market prospect; and
  the last item will become proper carrier for eco-driving technology with the popularity of vehicular automation.

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  Automotive Safety

  Side pole sled test methodology using ASIS system

  SUN Yi, MA Caijun, JIANG Nan, SHEN Haidong, ZHANG Mengzhou

  2014, 5(02):  132-138.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.02.003

  Abstract ( 860 )   PDF (3514KB) ( 1465 )  

  In China, the side pole sled test methodology is not widely studied and the side pole impact
  regulation has not been published yet. This paper presented a novel side pole sled test method. It was based
  on the current Euro-NCAP (Euro-New Car Assessment Program) side pole test protocol with using the ASIS
  (Advanced Side Impact System) multiple intrusion cylinders sled system. The sled fixture was built and the input
  pulse was simplified by CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) simulation and optimization tool. A side pole sled
  test was carried out and dummy responses were compared with that were obtained in vehicle tests. The results
  show that the relative error of head peak acceleration is within 5%, thorax and pelvic peak accelerations are
  within 20%. The sled test can reproduce the dummy kinematics in the vehicle tests. There fore, this method can
  be utilized in the other sled tests.

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  Simulation and structure optimal analysis for small-overlap frontal-impact of a vehicle

  CUI Shujuan, CHEN Keming

  2014, 5(02):  139-144.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.02.004

  Abstract ( 841 )   PDF (2241KB) ( 1590 )  

  A Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model was built to simulate a real vehicle in small overlap
  condition. The model was compared with test results before simulating 25% overlap front-impact. The structure
  deformations of the vehicle body were analyzed and assessed according to small-overlap frontal-impact
  assessments by the American Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). The model in 25% overlap impact condition
  was compared with the traditional 40% offset impact condition. Some suggestions were proposed to increase
  the ability of absorbing collision energy, to improve the passenger compartment stiffness, and to modify the
  shotgun structure. The results show that the body structure can obtains the score of “Acceptable” from the score
  of “Poor”. Therefore, these optimizations can effectively strengthen the vehicle crashworthiness.

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  Energy absorbed characteristics of driver airbag (DAB) in frontal offset impact tests

  SHANG Enyi

  2014, 5(02):  145-150.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.02.005

  Abstract ( 881 )   PDF (3427KB) ( 1421 )  

  Frontal offset impacts were tested for 10 vehicles to investigate driver airbag (DAB) absorption
  energy effect. In the tests, the neck loads and the head accelerations of a dummy were measured to work out
  the head accelerations, the head dropped velocities, and the airbag absorption energy under airbag effect.
  The test results show that the average head dropped velocity is about 22 m/s, the head x direction is the main
  absorption energy direction, the average absorption energy is about 1.1 kJ which is about 80% of the overall
  absorption energy under the circumstances of the airbag effect with the dummy Head Injury Criterions (HICs)
  being below high performance limit value. The protection neck effect is the better when x direction absorption
  energy is higher which should be an aim to develop an airbag. Therefore, heightening the airbag absorption
  energy effect in dummy head x direction may directly heighten the airbag rigidity or adjusting the seatbelt
  restraint intensity.

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  Simulations on dynamic responses and pedestrian injury parameters in bus-pedestrian collisions

  YANG Jikuang, ZHAO Shujing

  2014, 5(02):  151-158.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.02.006

  Abstract ( 720 )   PDF (2047KB) ( 1709 )  

  Bus impacts induced pedestrian casualties should not be neglected. To prevent these vehicle
  traffic injuries, the dynamic responses and the injury biomechanics were investigated for the pedestrian moving
  response in bus-pedestrian collisions. A computer model was developed for a production bus by using a multibody
  (MB) dynamics program. Computer simulations were carried out in terms of the pedestrian walking
  postures, the bus front-structure design-parameters, and the different impact conditions. The results show that
  the pedestrian initial state and the bus-front geometry characteristics determine the rotation orientation and the
  thrown patterns of pedestrians. Pedestrians suffer usually fatal injuries when impact speed exceeds 40 km/h.
  Restricting the bus travel speed, reducing evenly the bus front structure stiffness, and reducing the bus front
  ground clearance within proper traffic ability, the three methods can minimize pedestrian injury risks.

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  Kinematics of the head in cyclist-vehicle and pedestrian-vehicle collisions

  GU Jie, XIA Yong, ZHOU Qing

  2014, 5(02):  159-165.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.02.007

  Abstract ( 660 )   PDF (2380KB) ( 1524 )  

  Protection of pedestrians and cyclists are especially crucial in China where mixture of vulnerable
  road users and vehicles is common on urban roads. Two sets of models were built, i.e. the cyclist-bicycle-vehicle
  model and the pedestrian-vehicle model by using MADYMO software. Cyclist-vehicle collision and pedestrianvehicle
  collision were simulated to analyze the kinematic processes of the cyclist and the pedestrian before the
  head-vehicle contact by comparison the movement locus, the speed, and the impact time between the cyclist
  and the pedestrian. The results show that the head movement relative to cyclist pelvis is close to that to the
  pedestrian, and at the moment of head impact; the cyclist head speed is lower than that of the pedestrian; and
  for a given stature, the correlation between the head impact time and the ratio of stature to vehicle velocity is of
  good linearity, and the slope is independent on the stature.

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  Automotive Energy Efficiency & Environment Protection

  Design and implementation of FOC control algorithm for PMSM motor based on Matlab/Simulink

  Pawel Stojaczyk, Dawid Woroch, HONG BO, WEI Yintao*

  2014, 5(02):  166-171.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.02.008

  Abstract ( 1077 )   PDF (2285KB) ( 6235 )  

  PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor) drive systems has been having general used in
  various industries needed high precision control due to a rapid development of microprocessors. The proper
  system configuration is still complex and time consuming. To overcome such a limitation, this paper presents
  a FOC (Field Oriented Control) algorithm for PMSM speed control algorithm performed in Matlab/Simulink by
  using standard blocks only, which is realized in almost any DSP (Digital Signal Processing) processor by using
  auto-coding tool in Matlab. STM32F4 microcontroller was employed. Simple Active Currents Reading Error
  Compensator was introduced for appropriate feedback signals filtering. Precision of the signal was set to around
  10 mA of current –10 Bit with an Analog-to-Digital Converter operated by three bidirectional 5-A Hall current
  sensors. A PMSM sensored motor was tested in 0~2 000 r/min. The experimental step responses to desired
  speeds show good dynamic and smooth performance of the entire system.

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  Vehicle experiments on effects of octane number on fuel efficiency and emissions of modern gasoline vehicles

  SHUAI Shijin, LI Xinyan, WANG Yinhui, FU Haichao

  2014, 5(02):  172-179.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.02.009

  Abstract ( 733 )   PDF (2119KB) ( 2474 )  

  Octane number plays an important role in enabling optimal operation of gasoline engines. Vehicle
  chassis dynamometer tests were conducted to investigate the impact of octane number on fuel economy and
  the emissions of modern gasoline vehicles. The experiment conditions followed to the New European Drive
  Cycle (NEDC). Five vehicles chose were equipped with Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) or Port Fuel Injection (PFI),
  using turbocharging technology or naturally aspirated technology. Six kinds of gasoline were fueled with the
  RON (Research Octane Number) from 91.9 to 98.4. The results show that vehicles improve the fuel economy
  of 1% with each 1.0 of RON increasing. Vehicles calibrated with higher octane (RON 97) achieve 2 times of
  energy saving compared to vehicles with lower octane (RON 93). Using higher octane fuels makes vehicles with
  advanced technologies achieve significant energy savings.

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  Safety behaviors of LiFePO4 power battery during normal cycles

  WANG Fang, FAN Bin, LIU Shiqiang, Zhang Zhending, HUANG Xin, Zhang Wenhua

  2014, 5(02):  180-184.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.02.010

  Abstract ( 643 )   PDF (2184KB) ( 1424 )  

  The safety of lithium-ion traction batteries is a key point during the development of electric vehicles.
  Some safety abuse tests, such as the penetration test, the crush test and the heat test, were done to investigate
  the safety characteristic change in different cycles for a lithium iron phosphate power battery. The relationship
  between the thermal abuse behavior parameters and the battery cycle life was analyzed before and after
  100~500 cycles. The results show that according to the starting point of self-heating, fresh batteries have not
  the highest thermal activities; battery thermal activities firstly increase, then decrease along with the cycle time
  increasing . This phenomenon can be attributed to that the active materials in battery activate gradually to
  achieve the best performance, afterwards decrease with increasing cycles.

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  Energy management strategies and simulation of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

  ZHOU Yunshan, ZHOU Mei, ZHANG Jun

  2014, 5(02):  185-191.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.02.011

  Abstract ( 546 )   PDF (2456KB) ( 2029 )  

  A multi-stage and multi-objective energy management strategy was proposed based on metal
  V-belt continuously variable transmission (CVT) in the light of the characteristics of a new designed plug-in
  hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) according to the different states of charge and required power. Adjustment of an
  engine’s working point was made by controlling the motor’s output torque; And optimization of a motor’s working
  point was promoted by controlling CVT ratio. A PHEV model was established by using forward-facing simulation
  on a Matlab/Simulink platform, and the simulations were conducted under NEDC (New European Drive Cycle)
  conditions. The results show that under different conditions, the energy management strategy satisfies the PHEV
  control requirements; and distributes reasonably the motor torque and the internal combustion engine torque; The
  equivalent fuel consumption of 4.26 L/ (100 km) for the new strategy is 46.1% lower than that for the conventional
  internal combustion engine vehicle. Therefore, the availability is checked for the energy management strategy.

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  Energy-saving potential of a pulse and gliding (PnG) driving strategy for battery electric vehicles

  ZHANG Kangkang, OUYANG Minggao, XU Liangfei, HUA Jianfeng, LI Jianqiu,ZHAO Xiaoyu, CHENG Aiguo

  2014, 5(02):  192-200.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.02.012

  Abstract ( 703 )   PDF (2665KB) ( 1914 )  

  The energy-saving potential was estimated by simulations and drum tests for Pulse and Gliding
  (PnG) driving strategies of battery electric vehicles. The relationships were investigated between several PnG
  strategy parameters including oscillation distance, PnG cycle time, and average power consumption per unit
  driving distance. Idling loss models were established for the motor and the powertrain. The parameters were
  identified by drum tests. Three driving strategies, including the constant-speed driving strategy, the PnG strategy
  with clutch, and the PnG strategy without clutch, were simulated by energy flow analysis, and then experimented
  by drum test. The results show that the PnG strategy without clutch has no energy-saving potentials while the
  PnG strategy with clutch can save 8.5% energy at the same average speed, compared with the constant-speed
  cruise strategy at the same velocity.

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  Energy-saving electronically controlled hydraulic steering system for heavy-duty vehicles based on electromagnetic clutch

  JIANG Haobin, XU Zhe, TANG Bin, GENG Guoqing

  2014, 5(02):  201-208.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2014.02.013

  Abstract ( 735 )   PDF (2281KB) ( 1282 )  

  An energy-saving Electromagnetic clutch Electronically Controlled Hydraulic Power Steering System
  (E-ECHPS) was proposed with an electromagnetic clutch to control the steering pump for reducing the energy
  consumption of hydraulic power steering system (HPS) and improve driver’s feel on high speed road for heavyduty
  vehicles. FEA (finite-element analysis) models were established to investigate the dynamical characteristic
  curves of main and vice motor in electromagnetic clutch. Based on power changes in electromagnetic clutch,
  an energy-saving of the E-ECHPS was analyzed. Energy dissipation and assist characteristic of the E-ECHPS
  under steering situation and straight road condition were simulated. The results show that electromagnetic
  clutch torque decreases with vehicle speeds increase under steering situation; the E-ECHPS saves energy
  consumption more than 71% compared to HPS in the time interval with the vehicle speeds of 10, 40, 80 km/h
  under straight road condition. The results indicate that the E-ECHPS can realize the variable assist characteristic
  and have significantly better energy efficiency than that of the HPS.

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