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  • 2011, Vol. 2 No. 2 Published on:11 July 2011 Previous issue    Next issue
    Solutions for the durability of fuel cells in vehicle applications
    YI Bao-Lian, HOU Ming
    2011, 2(2):  91-100.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.001
    Abstract ( 3588 )   PDF (1428KB) ( 4162 )  
    Durability is one of the challenges for the commercialization of fuel cell vehicles. The mechanisms and solutions
    for fuel cell degradation are elucidated from the material and system point of view. In the aspect of fuel cell system, typical
    operating processes are analyzed, such as driving cycles, start-stop, low load and idle conditions, in which reactant starvation,
    dynamic potential scanning and local high potential have significant impacts on the fuel cell durability. Feasible strategies are also
    discussed for mitigating the degradation. The current state and perspective are addressed on the durability of key material in fuel
    cells, i.e., catalyst, catalyst support, proton exchange membrane, membrane electrode assembly and bipolar plate. The effective
    methods to enhance the fuel cell durability should be based on both the material innovation and system improvement. Currently,
    the improvement on system control strategy is a feasible way to prolong fuel cell lifetime although it has been result in a complex
    system. Nevertheless, material innovation is a long term task to promote the fuel cell durability. Fuel cells with advanced durable
    materials and simply system is a desirable goal for the fuel cell vehicle application.
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    Review of status for automotive fuel and future forecast
    YAO Chun-De, XU Han-Jun
    2011, 2(2):  101-110.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.002
    Abstract ( 3093 )   PDF (1445KB) ( 3571 )  
    For saving energy and protecting environment, it is necessary to develop new automotive fuel for current as well as future demand. The authors review the state-of-art and development of current petrol fuels for automobiles as well as various kinds of alternative fuels available for them, and also foresee the future for the development of those fuels. The conclusion is that the petroleum fuel will play dominant roles in long time of future, but gaseous fuel will be adopted in certain areas; alcoholic and etheric fuel will come to be used more and more, some new fuels may also be applied on automobiles. With the development of technology, multiple fuels will be selected as the research and application tendency in the future.
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    Status and prospect of automotive safety technology in China
    ZHAO Fu-Quan, WU Cheng-Ming, PAN Zhi-Jie, LIU Wei-Guo, LIU Wei
    2011, 2(2):  111-121.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.003
    Abstract ( 3304 )   PDF (1917KB) ( 5277 )  
     Investments of automotive safety technology have substantially been increased due to heavy casualty in traffic accident in China. It thereby accelerates the improvement of R&D capability of safety technology and commercialization process. The fact that the domestic-brand vehicles have achieved C-NCAP 5-star rating marks a great leap forward in terms of passive safety technology in China. The research of passive safety is further performed with regard to pedestrian protection, rear-row passenger’s protection, whiplash protection and cyclist protection. Meanwhile, the research and development of active safety, pre-crash safety and intelligent automotive network system have become the focuses. The perfect combination of high level active and passive safety technology regarding to passenger, vehicle and environment will promote the accomplishment of safety philosophy of zero crash and zero casualty. The subject establishment of state-level development and industrialization, and regulations constitution and perfection thereof will become the driving force of rapid growth of auto safety technology
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    Automotive Safety
    Morphologic characteristics of Korean elderly rib
    Choi Hyung Yun, Kwak Dai-Soon
    2011, 2(2):  122-127.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.004
    Abstract ( 1953 )   PDF (1824KB) ( 1950 )  
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    Simulation and test validation of windscreen subject to pedestrian head impact
    LIU Qi, LIU JunYong, MIAO Qiang, CHEN GuoQiang, WANG DaZhi
    2011, 2(2):  128-133.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.005
    Abstract ( 1846 )   PDF (1980KB) ( 3225 )  
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    Morphologic Characteristics of Korean Elderly Rib
    Mario Conte, Fiorentino V. Conte, Ira D. Bloom, Kenji Morita, Tomohiko Ikeya, Jeffrey R. Belt
    2011, 2(2):  134-144.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.006
    Abstract ( 3059 )   PDF (2128KB) ( 3540 )  

    The electrically-driven vehicles, ranging from limited (mild) hybrid to plug-in hybrid to fully-battery powered, will rely on a new class of advanced storage batteries, such as those based on lithium, to meet different technical and economical targets. The performance and life determination in the various applications of these batteries is a time-consuming and costly testing activity. These costs and efforts, actually carried out in different countries, may be better leveraged through international collaboration, such as that under preparation in the framework of the International Energy Agency.  Here, a new effort is under development that will establish standardized, accelerated testing procedures and will allow battery testing organizations to cooperate in the analysis of the resulting data. This paper reviews the present state-of-the-art in accelerated life testing procedures in Europe, Japan and the US. The existing test procedures will be collected, compared and analyzed with the goal of an international collaboration.

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    Two Methods Studying Internal Resistance for Lithium-ion Battery Life Estimation Used in EV
    LIU Qi, LIU Jun-Yong, MIAO Qiang, CHEN Guo-Qiang, WANG Da-Zhi
    2011, 2(2):  145-149.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.007
    Abstract ( 3204 )   PDF (1518KB) ( 7303 )  
    Life prediction and performance state estimation online are important in the life stage for each lithium-ion battery in electrical vehicles (EVs). The battery capacity and internal resistance were used to compare the model structure and the chemical meaning of eigen-parameters of two basic approaches; one is the identification of specific parameters based on the Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) in the time domain and the other is Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) analysis in the frequency domain. The results show that the common inherent conflict between the nonlinearity of batteries and the linearization of the identification algorithm constrains the development of lithium-ion battery in EV. Therefore, proposals such as aging mechanism, new life modeling approach, hardware structures and algorithm improvement are given to resolve the difficulties encountered in the implementation of battery life estimation online for lithium-ion systems.
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    Contactless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicle Battery Charger
    Yuichi NAGATSUKA, Shingo NOGUCHI, Yasuyoshi KANEKO, Shigeru ABE, Tomio YASUDA, Kazuhiko IDA, Akira SUZUKI, Ryoichi YAMANOUCHI
    2011, 2(2):  150-156.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.008
    Abstract ( 2866 )   PDF (2382KB) ( 4003 )  
      Contactless power transfer systems are desirable having more compact and lightweight for electric vehicles (EVs) recharging. A transformer of the system was developed according to the criteria of having high efficiency, a large air gap, and good tolerance to misalignment. The transformer uses series and parallel capacitors with rectangular cores and double-sided windings, with the size of 240 mm×300 mm×40 mm, the gap length of (70 ± 20) mm, the misalignment tolerance in the lateral direction of ± 125 mm, and the secondary mass of 4.6 kg. The characteristics of the system were studied with a charge control circuit and lead acid batteries being connected to the secondary winding. The results show that an output power of 1.5 kW and efficiency of 95% was achieved in the normal position and that the system has acompact-structure, light-weight, and satisfies the above criteria.
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    Selection of Lithium Cells for EV Battery Pack Using Self-Organizing Maps
    Paolo Raspa, Leonardo Frinconi, Adriano Mancini, Matteo Cavalletti, Sauro Longhi, Luca Fulimeni, , Paolo Bellesi, , Roberto Isidori
    2011, 2(2):  157-164.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.009
    Abstract ( 2678 )   PDF (2321KB) ( 2670 )  
    A challenging problem in energy storage systems for electric vehicles (EVs) is the effective use of lithium multicell batteries. Because of production tolerances, unbalanced cells can be overstressed during usage, thus leading to the reduction of the available capacity and premature failure of the battery pack. A method for the selection and classification of homogenous cells was developed to form uniform battery pack using self-organizing maps (SOMs) neural networks. Experimental data are collected from a set of LiFePO4 batteries tested in FAAM laboratories. The selection considers both experimental data and identified characteristics: discharge voltage, open circuit voltage, total capacity and identified parameters from Randle’s equivalent circuit modeling. The state of charge (SOV) variability within each selected group of cells has been chosen as the clustering criterion to find the method which gives the best results in terms of homogeneity of the battery. Simulation results consider an experimental EV load profile and show a great reduction of the SOC variability and, consequently, in the balance of the battery pack for all the methods presented compared to random selection. Capacity and discharge voltage based method gives the best results over all.
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    Modeling and Simulation of Electric Vehicles—The Effect of Different Li-Ion Battery Technologies
    Dirk Hülsebusch, Simon Schwunk, Simon Caron, Bernd Propfe
    2011, 2(2):  165-174.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.010
    Abstract ( 2547 )   PDF (2399KB) ( 2365 )  
    Limited electrical range is one of the main drawbacks of battery electric vehicles. Especially at low temperatures the range is reduced due to low battery capacity and power as well as additional energy demand for auxiliaries. A model based approach was chosen to compare different battery technologies regarding their in-vehicle performance. Several battery technologies were modeled and implemented into a simulation environment for vehicle systems. In addition, varying test cases were defined to analyze the battery characteristics and impact on the vehicle performance. Simulation results show that the energy demand of the power train rises significantly in urban surroundings and low ambient temperature conditions. The recuperation of brake energy is limited by the reduced battery power capability. Furtheremore, the efficiency of the battery and the power train was analyzed regarding varying temperatures, battery sizes and driving cycles. Finally, the electrical range was studied taking into account different driving cycles, temperatures, and auxiliary loads.
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    Effects of hydrogen mixture generated from methanol dissociated by exhaust heat to engine performance
    XU Yuanli, YAO Chunde, LI Xucong
    2011, 2(2):  175-180.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.011
    Abstract ( 2078 )   PDF (1713KB) ( 2245 )  
     For hydrogen fueled engine problems and exhaust gas heat loss, this paper presents a modified spark ignite (SI) electronic-controlled engine that used the hydrogen mixture as fuel which was generated from methanol dissociated by the exhaust heat. The performance and emission test on the engine was performed on the bench using AVL Digas 4000 Light emission analyzer. The results indicate that the engine fueled with dissociated methanol can operate for very lean mixture conditions because of its wide ignition limits. When the excess air ratio is 1.4, there is an order of magnitude reduction of  NO and CO comparing to the baseline engine, with NOx reduced at 90%, and CO almost by zero emission levels, but with HC being equivalent to gasoline. Equivalent specific fuel consumption of methanol is also reduced by 14.3%-30.7 % compared with gasoline. Therefore, applying dissociated methanol to SI electronic-controlled engine is a new approach to clean and high efficiency combustion with methanol fuel.
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    Simulation and Experiment on Air-Cooled Thermal Energy Management of Lithium-Ion Power Batteries
    ZHANG Jiangyun, ZHANG Guoqing, ZHANG Lei, RAO Zhonghao
    2011, 2(2):  181-184.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.012
    Abstract ( 2952 )   PDF (1477KB) ( 2635 )  
     The air-cooled methods were used for cooling commercial LiFePO4 batteries to illustrate the effect of heat transfer enhancement. The commercial LiFePO4 batteries were tested at 15-35 A. The temperature distribution in a single battery was numerical ly simulated according to the experiment al data. Air flow across two and three batteries was simulated to illustrate the air-cooled effect. Experiment al and simulation results show that air-coola has a positive significance for the battery thermal management at discharging currents of 0-30 A. For discharging currents less than 30 A, the peak temperature in batteries is less than 50 ℃, while the temperature difference between batteries is still more than 5 ℃. When the discharging current is higher than 30 A, air-cooling for batteries and battery packs can not guarantee evenly temperature distribution, not being able to meet the regui re ment of batteriy heat dissipation.
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