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  Research and prospect of intelligent and connected vehicles standard system and key standards SUN Hang, ZHANG Lu, JI Guotian Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2024, 15 (6): 795-812.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.06.001 Abstract （25）   HTML （2）    PDF （1482KB）（23）       Knowledge map    Based on the National Vehicle Networking Industry Standard System Construction Guide (Intelligent Connected Vehicle) (2023 Edition), and following a thorough analysis of the intelligent connected vehicle standards system, this paper proposes a development pathway for standards in the intelligent networking domain and directions for coordinating international standard regulations, with a focus on automotive intelligence, network connectivity, automotive electronics, and comprehensive safety. Through an in-depth study of the technical system of driving automation, representative products, and application scenarios, a systematic framework and standardization route for advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving systems (ADS) have been established. By analyzing the technological and application scenarios of vehicular network communications, a standard system for network functions and applications, along with a standardization route, has been proposed. The current research status of automotive electromagnetic compatibility, electronic environmental and reliability assessment, automotive chips, and automotive electronics subfields has been reviewed, leading to the proposal of a standardization route for automotive electronics. Considering comprehensive safety, a four-dimensional safety concept for intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) has been introduced, encompassing functional safety, anticipated functional safety, cybersecurity, and data security. The key components of each safety standard system have been discussed, and the standardization routes for these safety standards have been outlined. Finally, the paper explores the development of international standards and regulations for ICVs and the collaborative relationship between Chinese standards and international standards and regulations. In alignment with the developmental requirements of China’s intelligent connected vehicle (ICV) technology and standards, as well as the harmonization trends in international standards and regulations, this paper offers strategic insights and recommendations for the establishment of China’s ICV standard system and the development of key standards. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Future of autonomous driving: Single autonomous driving and intelligent vehicle-infrastructure collaboration systems LIU Yang, ZHAN Jiahao, LI Shen, LI Xiaopeng, CHEN Jun Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2024, 15 (5): 611-633.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.05.001 Abstract （104）   HTML （15）    PDF （2377KB）（70）       Knowledge map    As global traffic congestion and safety concerns become increasingly prominent, the widespread application of autonomous driving technology is considered a vital solution. Two prominent areas of research in autonomous driving are single autonomous driving (SAD) and intelligent vehicle-infrastructure collaboration systems (i-VICS). This paper explores the fundamental concepts and critical technologies of both. In terms of SAD, the focus is on perception, localization, decision-making, planning, and control execution, while i-VICS is centered on cooperative perception, collaborative localization, vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, and hierarchical cloud control. Furthermore, it reviews the progress of research in these technologies and summarizes the development paths chosen by China, the United States, Germany, and Japan. The transformative impact of these technologies on the commercial and industrial supply chains is also examined. Finally, the paper analyzes the technical challenges faced by both SAD and i-VICS, along with the social and legal challenges of autonomous driving, offering insights into future development directions, and providing a reference for the innovation and application of autonomous driving technology. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Review on the integrated capacity of transportation and power networks WU Tong, HUANG Kai, LIU Zhiyuan, JIANG Wei Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2024, 15 (5): 634-649.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.05.002 Abstract （64）   HTML （6）    PDF （1700KB）（32）       Knowledge map    Electric vehicles, as the core of transportation electrification, play an active role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving energy efficiency. The significant growth in electric vehicle ownership and market share has impacted charging infrastructure, highlighting issues such as inadequate charging facilities and fluctuations in grid load. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the fundamental concepts, calculation methods, and assessment metrics related to transportation network capacity and power network capacity. It analyses the evaluation methods for the integration of transportation and energy networks and the resilience of their convergence. The paper explores potential challenges and strategies for transportation-power integration systems. It identifies urgent research gaps and outlines future research directions, aiming to optimize the efficiency of charging infrastructure, alleviate traffic congestion, and ensure the stable operation of the power grid. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Overview of the combustion of ammonia-hydrogen internal combustion engines WANG Zhi, QI Yunliang, CHEN Qingchu, LI Jun Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2024, 15 (4): 443-466.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.04.001 Abstract （109）   HTML （20）    PDF （11029KB）（73）       Knowledge map    With the introduction of Chinese goals of “carbon peak” and “carbon neutrality”, the low-carbon and zero-carbon transition of internal combustion engines is imperative. Ammonia, as a zero-carbon fuel and a high-energy-density carrier for hydrogen, is a promising alternative fuel for achieving carbon neutrality in the near to mid-term. Developing ammonia-hydrogen combustion technology for high-power, zero-carbon internal combustion engines is of significant importance for global climate governance. This paper analyzes the potential of ammonia as a future green energy source and its practical applications in internal combustion engines. It reviews the latest advancements in ammonia-hydrogen engine combustion from the aspects of combustion modes, reaction kinetics of ammonia-hydrogen fuel, and fuel supply methods, comparing three combustion modes (spark ignition/homogeneous compression ignition/jet ignition), two ammonia supply methods (gaseous port injection/liquid ammonia direct injection), and two jet ignition methods (active/passive). A promising technology of ammonia-hydrogen synergy combustion based on online ammonia cracking to produce hydrogen from a single liquid ammonia fuel tank is proposed and discussed. Key technical and scientific issues to be addressed in spray, combustion, and nitrogen-based emission control are also pointed out. Research indicates that using a small amount of hydrogen (less than 3%) to ignite ammonia-air mixtures in ammonia-hydrogen engines can achieve stable combustion and high thermal efficiency while extending the lean limit. Ammonia-hydrogen synergy zero-carbon high-power internal combustion engines, as efficient and reliable application carriers for ammonia fuel, have broad application potential and value in heavy-duty vehicles, construction machinery, ocean-going vessels, and power generation. The development of ammonia-hydrogen engines can advance fundamental combustion theory and revitalize China's internal combustion engine industry. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Advancements in the powertrain technology of hybrid electric vehicles in China XU Min, ZHANG Yijia Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2024, 15 (3): 269-294.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.03.001 Online available: 30 June 2024 Abstract （377）   HTML （23）    PDF （4532KB）（169）       Knowledge map    Driven by both national policies and market demand, Chinese automakers have achieved breakthroughs in hybrid powertrain technology since 2021. They have launched a range of hybrid electric vehicles tailored to the market demand and consumer preference in China, embodying distinct Chinese characteristics and leading globally in the field. Recently, the sales of hybrid electric vehicles have exploded. In 2023, sales of hybrid passenger cars in the Chinese market exceeded 3 million units, marking an 83% year-on-year increase. However, influenced by the electrification megatrend, there still exists the viewpoint in the automotive industry that hybrid electric vehicles are merely transitional technology. Some consumers are also skeptical about the domestic hybrid electric vehicles. To correct these biased perceptions, this paper explores China's hybrid vehicle powertrain technology routes, focuses on diversified hybrid architectures and dedicated core components, and introduces a novel definition for the degree of hybridization, serving as a generalized index for evaluating the level of electrification in powertrains. It compares the mainstream hybrid technologies both domestically and internationally, analyzes cutting-edge features and development trends. The research highlights that Chinese hybrid electric vehicles feature large-capacity power batteries and plug-in hybrid technology, allowing for flexible integration and agile synergies between power sources (engine and motor) and energy sources (power battery and range-extending system). Compared to internal combustion engine vehicles, hybrids enable focusing on improvement in engine thermal efficiency, engine operating efficiency, and overall fuel economy through electric drive integration. In contrast to battery electric vehicles, hybrids mitigate range anxiety cost-effectively by using the engine-generated electricity. They also achieve endurant and strong power output at lower hardware costs by leveraging mechanical drivetrain technologies such as engine driving and transmission torque amplification. These distinctive advantages position hybrid electric vehicles as pivotal in steering the automotive industry towards a carbon-neutral direction in the long term. The sharpened insight into today’s market and clarified vision of the future presented in the article could be beneficial to the further advancement of hybrid powertrain technology in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Development status and challenges of vehicle terminals in intelligent and connected environments ZHANG Yongsheng, LI Yizhou, WANG Liang, XU Zhigang Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2024, 15 (3): 295-308.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.03.002 Accepted: 30 June 2024 Online available: 30 June 2024 Abstract （256）   HTML （8）    PDF （1636KB）（68）       Knowledge map    With the rapid advancement of intelligent connected technology, the functionalities of intelligent vehicular terminals equipped in connected vehicles have correspondingly expanded. After decades of development, these intelligent vehicular terminal systems have made significant progress in various domains and demonstrated substantial potential in the field of autonomous driving. This paper begins with the current status of intelligent vehicular terminals within the connected environment, describes the architecture of these systems, and reviews their evolutionary journey facilitated by intra-vehicle communication and vehicle-to-road cooperative empowerment. Furthermore, the paper delves into the profound impact of innovations in vehicular network wireless communication technology in the 5G era on the development of intelligent vehicular terminals. It also thoroughly reviews recent research achievements in cooperative driving and control, edge computing and fog computing, and digital twinning, while also anticipating the challenges these terminals face in information security and autonomous driving testing. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Development trends and outlook of diversified powertrains in Europe XU Hongming Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2024, 15 (2): 137-153.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.02.001 Abstract （405）   HTML （36）    PDF （3142KB）（252）       Knowledge map    The current global energy structure is in a period of transition, in which low carbon and carbon neutralisation are among top priorities in all economic operations and planning activities, including the automotive industry. There is a diversified development trend in the energy sources of automotive power systems. The electrification starting from light duty vehicles seems to be an irreversible general direction, but it may take a longer time as was expected earlier. The hydrogen era faces many challenges of various technical and non-technical issues before its arrival. Artificial intelligence(AI) is becoming more and more widely used in every stage of vehicle research and product development involving application. This article introduces the development trend of powertrain system diversification towards 2035, the year when the significant tradition is supposed to take place, with related thought and outlook. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  A state-of-the-art review on the integrated development technology of electric vehicles and clean energy ZHU Ming, JI Jinhua, JIN Sheng, JI Yuting, BIE Yiming Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2024, 15 (1): 1-19.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.01.001 Accepted: 28 January 2024 Online available: 29 February 2024 Abstract （364）   HTML （33）    PDF （2593KB）（294）       Knowledge map    The clean energy power generation technology represented by photoelectric and wind power can provide clean power supply for electric vehicles, reduce the carbon emissions of the whole life cycle, and help the realization of the “dual carbon” strategic goal in the field of transportation, so it has been rapidly developed in recent years. In order to promote the application of transportation and energy integration technology and clarify the key issues in related research, this paper reviews the research progress of domestic and foreign scholars in the integration technology of electric vehicles and clean energy in the past 10 years. Firstly, the necessity and practical significance of the integrated development of the two are introduced. Secondly, the existing research results are divided into two categories: highway environment and urban road environment, and the current research results of electric vehicle and clean energy integration technology are summarized from the three levels of power grid, charging station and vehicle. And finally, considering the strong random fluctuations in clean energy power generation and electric vehicle charging, Some suggestions on the future development direction are put forward, such as strengthening the integrated development of public energy, constructing a variety of complementary clean energy generation strategies, establishing the integrated optimization technology of “source-network-charge-storage”, strengthening the self-consistent energy scheduling of distributed micro-grid, and strengthening the operation and management of wireless photovoltaic charging roads. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Review on methanol as fuel for engines and its future prospect YAO Chunde, YAO Anren Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2023, 14 (5): 521-535.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2023.05.001 Abstract （323）   HTML （29）    PDF （4727KB）（318）       Knowledge map    Methanol is liquid under ambient temperature and atmosphere, of which is close to gasoline and diesel fuel. It can be produced out by a wide-ranging raw material, such as coal, natural gas, biomass and by carbon dioxide synthetized with hydrogen called the green methanol. The green methanol has been recognized as the fuel with low carbon emission even carbon neutrality, which has been used as marine fuel more and more widely. China is the country with largest productive capacity and production for methanol in global, of which it occupies 60% of global productive capacity and production. China took methanol as fuel to substitute for petroleum oil for many years since 40 years ago. Methanol now has been used as fuel for versatile utility, such as cooking, heat generation for civil and industrial use, furthermore for transportation and constructive machine. The review introduces the methanol production, cognition for methanol toxicity, development of green methanol and practices of methanol in industrial and civil, emphasizes the technical characteristics for utilities in vehicle, marine, locomotive and generation set, and points out the challenges methanol facing with while development as well as its prospect of future development in those fields. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Technical characteristics and prospects of power transmissions for commercial vehicles under the “Carbon-Peak and Carbon-Neutrality” target XU Xiangyang, ZHAO Junwei, DONG Peng, WANG Shuhan, LIU Yanfang Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2023, 14 (4): 395-412.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2023.04.001 Abstract （259）   HTML （28）    PDF （4252KB）（691）       Knowledge map    Commercial vehicles are an important force in road transportation and a large carbon emitter. Realizing the green transformation and development of commercial vehicles is an important breakthrough in accelerating the achievement of the “Carbon-Peak and Carbon-Neutrality” target in the automotive industry. However, policy-driven and market demand have posed new challenges and requirements for the development of commercial vehicle technology, especially with the emergence of multiple technological routes for power transmissions. This paper focuses on the application scenarios of medium and heavy trucks, light and pickup trucks, and buses under different power sources such as traditional fuel, hybrid, pure electric, and hydrogen fuel cell, and analyzes the technical characteristics, product spectrum, applicability in different scenarios, and technological development trends of power transmission systems for commercial vehicles. A new prospect is put forward for the development of power transmission technologies for commercial vehicles to provide a reference for the technical path selection and technological innovation and development of commercial vehicle transmissions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  A unified framework for vehicle-infrastructure-cloud autonomous driving ZHANG Yaqin, LI Zhenyu, SHANG Guobin, ZHOU Guyue, GAO Guorong, YUAN Jirui Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2023, 14 (3): 249-273.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2023.03.001 Abstract （339）   HTML （25）    PDF （10987KB）（144）       Knowledge map    While major advances have been made in the R&D and commercialization of autonomous driving (AD) in the past decade, there still exists significant challenges in the large-scale commercial deployment of AD in complex open-road scenarios, such as longtail perception problem and limited operational design domain (ODD). Information from vehicles, traffic and the underlying infrastructure (V2X) can be used to enhance the overall system safety and accelerate the deployment, with integration of multi-scaled, multi-dimensional diverse sources. This integration would enable cooperated perception, decision-making, and control, expanding single-vehicle intelligence’s capability boundaries. By using this combined knowledge, some of the obstacles encountered in the commerciliazation of autonomous driving can be addressed. This paper introduces a unified framework for autonomous driving known as Vehicle-Infrastructure-Cloud Autonomous Driving (VICAD). VICAD combines the diverse collaborative deployment strategies related to vehicles, infrastructure, and the cloud with autonomous driving algorithms via an integrated framework. Simulations and evaluations are conducted to evaluate the performance of VICAD system, and evaluation results are then feedback as input of the VICAD system. This iterative process enables the continuous optimization of collaborative deployment strategies and autonomous driving algorithms, thereby enhancing the capabilities of autonomous driving. Moreover, this paper describes the key role of VICAD in fostering the large-scale commercial deployment of autonomous driving with practical cases and industrial applications, and concludes with suggestions for further VICAD development. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Basic ideas and development trend of heavy-duty vehicle emission regulations in next stage JING Xiaojun, REN Shuojin, WANG Xiaowei, LI Tengteng, FANG Maodong Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2023, 14 (2): 133-156.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2023.02.001 Accepted: 29 November 2022 Online available: 27 April 2023 Abstract （358）   HTML （17）    PDF （3351KB）（1272）       Knowledge map    Under the trend and background of continuous strengthening of motor vehicle pollution control and continuous electrification of vehicle power, in recent years, many countries around the world have been discussing the “no internal combustion engines” orders. Meanwhile, more stringent emission regulations have been introduced one after another, which have become a matter of life and death to the traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) power. However, ICEs will remain the main form of power for heavy commercial vehicles due to the requirement of transport capacity and driving distance. At present, the European Union, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have all issued new heavy-duty vehicle emission regulations, and China has also started research on the National VII emission standards. This article compares and analyzes the latest developments and trends of European and American heavy-duty vehicle and engine emission regulations at the next stage from 6 aspects: exhaust emissions, actual road tests, greenhouse gas emissions, on-board diagnostics (OBD) and remote monitoring, non-exhaust emissions, and durability requirements. The specific requirements of each standard are clarified, and possible technical routes are pointed out, aiming to provide reference for the heavy-duty vehicle and engine industry to respond to emission standard upgrades and related forward-looking research in a timely manner. The research results shows that there are 5 major development trends in the future emission standards of heavy-duty vehicles: Exhaust emission testing is developing towards ultra-low emissions of multiple pollutants, and in the case that it may become the final generation of emission regulations, long-term emission reduction plans should be considered in emission regulations at the next stage; Pay more attention to vehicle on-road, low load, idle and cold start emissions; Strengthen coordinated control of greenhouse gas and conventional gas emissions; Realize efficient monitoring of in-use vehicle emissions by means of remote big data; Add the tests of non-exhaust emissions such as braking and tire wear. In short, the next stage of pollution standards for heavy-duty vehicles will incorporate new methods and concepts in terms of pollution types, emission testing methods, and emission monitoring methods, so as to continuously promote the development of heavy-duty vehicles towards the goal of clean, environmentally friendly and efficient. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Review on the research and development trends and prospects for argon closed cycle hydrogen engines CHEN Zhili Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2023, 14 (1): 1-16.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2023.01.001 Abstract （355）   HTML （33）    PDF （3079KB）（103）       Knowledge map    Internal combustion engines must operate with zero CO2 emissions in order to follow the trend towards carbon neutrality and avoid obsolescence in the second half of the 21st century. Furthermore, as the maximum effective thermal efficiency of engines is significantly lower than that of electric or fuel cell vehicles, this will gradually alienate consumers from engine vehicles. Under the background, the argon (Ar) closed cycle hydrogen engine, which was invented by F. M. Lewis in 1948, is back in the spotlight. This is because these engines do not emit CO2 and because the specific heat ratio of Ar is higher than that of air, the thermal efficiency of an Ar-based engines can be increased significantly and even be comparable to that of electric or fuel cell vehicles. This paper describes in detail the principle of this engine, its development history, advantages and disadvantages, research trends, and research and development topics. Some of the authors’ recent research results are presented. Finally, the relationship between this engine and hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles and its development prospects are discussed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Review of energy-saving planning and control technology for new energy vehicles SUN Chao, LIU Bo, SUN Fengchun Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2022, 13 (4): 593-616.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2022.04.001 Abstract （284）   HTML （65）    PDF （2764KB）（1071）       Knowledge map    Improving the energy-saving effect of new energy vehicles through vehicle motion planning and control has become a key research focus at home and abroad. This paper summarizes the latest research status of energy-saving planning and control technology for new energy vehicles, and analyzes the eco-routing, eco-driving, eco-charging, energy management and multi-task optimization techniques involving multiple fields above. The study found that although the current energy-saving planning and control technology for new energy vehicles has made considerable research progress, it is difficult to solve the problem in dynamic or random traffic behavior scenarios, and the integrated and collaborative optimization, which considers deeply related behaviors such as path, speed and charging, remains to be explored, and the high-value research results also need to develop from experimental verification to industrial application. This paper proposes that the future development trends of energy-saving planning and control technology for new energy vehicles include: 1) new problems considering the time-varying environment and random behaviors; 2) new algorithms using advanced prediction and efficient solutions; 3) new methods to systematically solve multi-vehicle, multi-task and multi-dimensional problems; 4) new applications that can be replicated and promoted in real scenarios. studying and solving the above problems is of great significance to achieve a higher level of energy-saving control of new energy vehicles. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Urban electric bus operation management: Review and outlook QU Xiaobo, LIU Yajun, CHEN Yuwei, BIE Yiming Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2022, 13 (3): 407-420.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2022.03.001 Abstract （362）   HTML （27）    PDF （1985KB）（645）       Knowledge map    With the accelerating electrification of public transit systems, the number of electric buses (EBs) in China has increased substantially. The operation management of EBs is of great significance for reducing the carbon emissions of the public transit system. Herein, we firstly introduce the development history of EBs in China and Western countries, and summarize the existing issues in the EB operation management in practice. Then a framework of EB operation management is proposed, and current studies are summarized from the perspectives of energy consumption estimation, vehicle scheduling, energy-efficient driving, resource allocation and benefit evaluation. We point out the techniques and methods down the road on EB operation management. Finally, the challenges are systematically summarized. We conclude that the future works that need to be focused on include: electric bus network planning, battery life estimation based on actual data, intelligent scheduling, and adoption of new power supply and charging modes. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle technology roadmap and progress in China WANG Hewu, OUYANG Minggao, LI Jianqiu, YANG Fuyuan Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2022, 13 (2): 211-224.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2022.02.001 Abstract （1517）   HTML （453）    PDF （4067KB）（716）       Knowledge map    In 2016, China formulated the roadmap for the development of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and planned the milestones in 2020, 2025 and 2030. In the past five years, China has carried out further technology research and development, and regional demonstration and deployment of fuel cell vehicles, including the large scale application in 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics. The roadmap and milestones were revised in 2020, with technical performance modification and the timeline extending to 2035. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the above processes and summarizes the representative progress. The results show that the scale of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen infrastructure, as well as the key performance technical indicators of fuel cell systems and fuel cell stacks in China exceed the 2020 milestones, and some of them are close to the 2025 milestone. Taking Zhangjiakou as the representative, in the cold region rich in renewable energy resource such as wind power and solar power, the successful experience of green hydrogen production/storage/transportation and refueling as well as the promotion and deployment of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles can be used for other regions. Furthermore, the promotion of hydrogen fuel cell heavy trucks can be carried out in combination with the demonstration areas of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Province. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Review and prospect of human factor testing of automotive head up displays in connected environment ZHAO Xiaohua, LI Xuewei, ZHANG Yu, LI Zhenlong, LI Haijian, ZHANG Jianhua Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2022, 13 (2): 225-241.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2022 Abstract （709）   HTML （263）    PDF （4473KB）（288）       Knowledge map    Head up displays (HUD) is an emerging way and hot topic of in-vehicle human-computer interaction in connected environment. The human factor testing of automotive HUD is a fundamental step to ensure the expected safety benefits. This paper introduces the classification, the application status, and the suggested information of HUD; The knowledge maps of human factors research of HUD are drawn to clarify the key content of previous research and its changing trend with time and space; And the paper puts forward the general testing framework of HUD from the functional scenarios, test variables, and test methods; and further discusses the human factors testing in the scenarios of navigation, safety assistance, automated driving, and other interactive assistance tasks. Finally, it summarizes the existing research gaps and put forward the future research prospects for human factors research of HUD, and provides references for the construction of the intelligent cockpit in connected environment. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Current status of the research on key technologies of vehicle fuel cell stack ZHANG Junliang, CHENG Ming, LUO Xiashuang, LI Huiyuan, LUO Liuxuan, CHENG Xiaojing, YAN Xiaohui, SHEN Shuiyun Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2022, 13 (1): 1-28.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2022.01.001 Abstract （774）   HTML （107）    PDF （8210KB）（1493）       Knowledge map    The proposed “Double Carbon” policy has brought a broad prospect to the development of hydrogen energy. Fuel cell, as the best way of hydrogen energy utilization, has been embracing a new round of prosperity in research field and industry, and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), which is maturely developed in commercial vehicles, has gained more attention. Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and bipolar plate (BPP) are two key components of PEMFC stacks, and they directly determine the cost and performance of the stacks. The technologies of water and thermal management and cold start also play vital roles for the realization of stack performance and the promotion of practical application. This article comprehensively illustrates the impact of various technologies above on the performance, lifespan and cost of stacks, and then points out their development trend. In addition, fuel cell vehicles will be applied as buses and heavy duty trucks in near future. And the application as passenger cars put forward higher requirements on power density and cost of stack. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Research and prospect of multi domain integration of automobile safety YANG Shuai, ZHANG Jinhuan, QIAN Zhanwei, CUI Dong Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2022, 13 (1): 29-47.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2022.01.002 Abstract （603）   HTML （32）    PDF （4732KB）（924）       Knowledge map    This paper proposed a concept and basic framework of multi-domain fusion security, and discussed the development status of multiple security fields and the relationship between them. With human safety as the core, the development status of passive safety technology, new energy safety technology, active safety technology and its related functional safety, expected functional safety and other safety technologies were studied, and the fusion relationship between different safety technology fields was further analyzed, especially the development status and future trends of the two fusion paths of active safety and passive safety. Considering the different safety technologies of automobiles as a whole, studying the relationship and integration of various technologies, it provides thinking directions and suggestions for the development of automobile safety technologies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Low carbon and zero carbon technology paths and key technologies of ICEs under the background of carbon neutrality SHUAI Shijin, WANG Zhi, MA Xiao, XU Hongming, HE Xin, WANG Jianxin Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2021, 12 (4): 417-439.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2021.04.001 Abstract （5177）   HTML （638）    PDF （4021KB）（3717）       Knowledge map    Since China promised to “reach the carbon peak in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060” at the 75th United Nations General Assembly in September 2020, the Paris Agreement signed by major countries and regions in 2016 has controlled the rise of global temperature and accelerated carbon neutrality policies and actions. As the leading power of a large number of road and non-road mobile machinery and national defense equipment, internal combustion engine (ICE) not only undertakes the important mission of energy saving and emission reduction in the near and medium term, but also faces great challenges and important opportunities on how to achieve carbon neutrality in the future. Based on the analysis of carbon neutrality policies and actions in major European countries, America, Japan and China, this paper puts forward two technical paths and their feasibility of low-carbon and zero carbon of ICE in the near and medium term, as well as the key technologies to be solved for zero carbon ICE fueled by biomass fuel, green hydrogen, green ammonia and green electricity synthesized fuel (e-fuel). It aims to explore the road of sustainable development for the future of ICE. Existing research shows that ICE, as an efficient and high power density thermal engine for converting chemical energy into mechanical energy, still has a large room for energy saving through the combination of electrification and intelligent technologies. Compared with fuel cell power, ICE has a more complete industrial chain, higher technical maturity and lower cost. By utilizing zero carbon fuels, ICE can still be widely used in large-scale power equipment such as heavy trucks, construction machinery, ships and aviation, so as to promote the early realization of carbon peak and carbon neutrality in China’s energy and transportation field. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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