Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy

Present and Future of Premixed Compression Ignition Engines

Hongming XU

2012, 3(3): 185-199. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.03.001

Abstract ( 2853 )

PDF (3466KB) ( 3737 )

Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) was perhaps the most attractive topic during
the last decade for engine combustion researchers so was subsequently investigated more intensively than other
engine technologies. Its application has stagnated at the present but its derivatives such as partially premixed
compression ignition (PPCI) still remain as promising alternatives to the conventional combustion systems. This
paper presents an overview of the research on HCCI and its derivatives and it also provides a future outlook of
the next generation of new combustion systems in relation to the concept of premixed compression ignition. It is
believed that multiple injections of multiple fuels using even higher compression ratios combined with boosting
will be the way forwards for high efficiency engines and this development trend will likely lead to merging of
diesel and gasoline engine technologies using premixed compression ignition.

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State of the art and outlook of diesel emission regulations and
aftertreatment technologies

SHUAI Shijin, TANG Tao, ZHAO Yanguang, HUA Lun

2012, 3(3): 200-217. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.03.002

Abstract ( 2711 )

PDF (8392KB) ( 3879 )

Diesel engine has advantages of low fuel consumption, high torque output and wide power range,
and has been widely used in transportation and engineering machinery as a power. The diesel powered
vehicles can only meet future stringent emission regulations using aftertreatment devices. This paper compared
the different vehicle emission regulations in Europe, the USA, Japan and China, and analyzed in-cylinder and
aftertreatment technical approaches to meet the emission regulations for light-duty and heavy-duty diesel
vehicles. The research status of the mainstream aftertreatment technologies like diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC),
nitrogen oxides (NOx) selective catalytic reduction (SCR), lean NOx trap (LNT) and diesel particulate filter (DPF)
was described and discussed. The future development of the diesel emission regulations and aftertreatment
technologies was prospected.

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Influence of gas-liquid two-phase flow on brake pressure in the anti-locked braking system of a vehicle

LI Xiaolu, SUN Bi

2012, 3(3): 218-224. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.03.003

Abstract ( 1869 )

PDF (2339KB) ( 2211 )

The causes of anti-locked braking system (ABS) air-liquid two-phase flow were analyzed to develop
an ABS control algorithm under the effects of gas-liquid two-phase flow. A four-wheel ABS hydraulic model
was established to simulate how various brake fluid parameters and braking line structures affect the brake
pressure using the AMESim software. The results show that gas-liquid two-phase flow occurs when brake fluid
parameters change, with the dynamic response of brake pressure slowing down and the regulating range of
brake pressure reduced. However, reducing the braking line inner diameter can restrain the influence of gasliquid
two-phase flow. The results can provide advice on the ABS control.

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Airbag intelligent control system for different types of
occupants based on characteristic identification

WANG Yulong, BAI Zhonghao*, LIU Yao, ZHOU Xuegui

2012, 3(3): 225-231. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.03.004

Abstract ( 1519 )

PDF (3170KB) ( 2141 )

Pattern recognition was used to develop a complete intelligent control system for different feature
types of occupants used to reduce occupant damages in case airbags are mistakenly ignited in vehicle
collisions. The system uses image detection technology and integrates multiple external sensors to identify
occupant feature types. The airbag control system adjusts parameters, including the deflation-hole diameter,
the ignition time, the mass flow rate, and the strap length, to the optimal state according to five defined types
of occupants, including infants, children, the 5th percentile female, the 50th percentile adult male, and the 95th
percentile adult male to obtain protective effects for the different types of occupants in the vehicle collisions.
Test results show that the intelligent control system automatically and properly outputs signals for adjusting
parameters and ignition control while trailing to vehicle running environments.

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Analysis of influence factors and test procedures of vehicle crash compatibility

SHANG Bo, XU Wei, YUE Zhongyao

2012, 3(3): 232-238. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.03.005

Abstract ( 1929 )

PDF (2670KB) ( 2728 )

To investigate vehicle compatibility is helpful to reducing the casualties and damages in crash
accidents, but the related research in China is far behind that in advanced countries. This paper reviews the
research backgrounds of vehicle crash compatibility and the main influencing factors and introduces recent
progress and the test procedures proposed by the International Harmonized Research Activities Committee
(IHRA), the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Working Group 15 of the European
Enhanced Vehicle Safety Committee (EEVC-WG15). Comparisons of the advantages and disadvantages of
these procedures show that based on the current situation, car-to-truck crash compatibility is most needed to be
studied and solved in China, especially geometry compatibility.

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Quick investigation system in vehicle based on binocular vision for traffic accident scenes

LIU Wenchao, HU Mengxia, WANG Yan, LI Yibing

2012, 3(3): 239-244. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.03.006

Abstract ( 1969 )

PDF (2304KB) ( 1870 )

A quick investigation system in vehicle was developed to improve the technology and equipment
for investigation of road traffic accident scenes. The system is based on the binocular vision theory, using
photography research methods, while consisting of existing devices and real time remote audio equipment
in an investigate vehicle for road traffic accident scene. The system has two fixed focus industrial cameras,
control and display units, a connection platform and other accessories. Target distance measurements have a
precision of 1%. When using the system in an investigating vehicle, only one person is needed to maneuver with
the scale-free measurement of accident scenes accomplished without distance measurement pretreatment.
Therefore, the system can be applied to quick investigation of road traffic accident scenes.

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Dynamics response characteristics of second row female dummies in a 100% frontal crash test

ZHU Haitao, BAI Peng, ZHANG Xianglei

2012, 3(3): 245-250. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.03.007

Abstract ( 1741 )

PDF (1294KB) ( 1730 )

The second seat row has a high riding rate but a low rider protection level in vehicles running in
China. This paper investigates test methods based on the 100% frontal impact test rule of 2009 version of China
New Car Assessment Program (C-NCAP), and presents a quantitative evaluation method for the biomechanics
limit value of the second row passengers. Tests in vehicle 100% frontal impacts for 29 types of vehicles recently
coming into China’s market showed that the second row occupants suffered fatal neck injury in 17 types of the
vehicles (58.6% of total vehicle samples) and fatal chest injury in 10 types of vehicles (34.5% of total vehicle
samples). The analyses show that the seat belt shoulder strap, neck tension force, and chest compression
displacement have an approximately linear relationship in the dynamics response characteristics of mixed III
type, the 5th percentile, female dummies in the second row seats. The results indicate that the occupant upper
body injury is mainly caused by the safety belt shoulder strap. Therefore, parameter optimization and adjustment
are necessary for common safety belts to effectively reduce the harm.

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Intelligent optimization of traffic light opperating states considering time traffic flow

XIE Xiling, XIAO Jianbo, ZHANG Hao, TAN Yuying, NI Ming’an, LIU Yang, ZHANG Zhifu, ZHENG Weigang

2012, 3(3): 251-256. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.03.008

Abstract ( 1634 )

PDF (2265KB) ( 2377 )

An intelligent optimization system was developed in consideration of traffic light operating states and
time traffic flow to save energy and alleviate the pressure on the urban traffic in Wuhan, China. Since Wuhan’s
traffic light working time is relatively fixed, the system uses detecting apparatus to monitor the traffic on the road
and then feedbacks collected signals to the microcontroller control system. Adaptive intelligent traffic lights were
designed based on the existing traffic light control equipments in Wuhan, with content networking technologies
being used and particle swarm optimization being achieved using Matlab software . The results show that
the particle swarm optimization algorithm reduces the average vehicle traffic time by 20% compared with the
Webster algorithm, with the vehicle idle time reduced and the idle oil consumption saved.

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GDI Engine Operation with Ethanol/Gasoline Blends and Aqueous Ethanol

Richard STONE, Longfei CHEN, Nathan HINTON, Felix LEACH, Fan XU

2012, 3(3): 257-264. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.03.009

Abstract ( 2380 )

PDF (3857KB) ( 4886 )

Ethanol is being promoted as a renewable fuel and as a means of improving energy security. The
blends of gasoline and ethanol from 0 – 100 % ethanol were studied to evaluate their spray characteristics,
combustion performances, and particulate emissions with blends of ethanol and water with up to 40 % water
by volume being tested to research the combustion performances of different water ethanol blends and the
miscibility of water with ethanol/gasoline blends using ternary phase diagrams for gasoline, ethanol, and water.
The results show that presence of water in ethanol/gasoline mixtures is not an impediment to their use as a fuel
in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. Adding ethanol to gasoline increases the injected fuel volume and the
persistence of the fuel sprays, especially for a cold engine, leads to reduced mixture homogeneity, a decrease
in the combustion stability, and an increase in particulate matter emissions for a stoichiometric mixture. Adding
water to ethanol further increases injected fuel volume, but the increase in combustion duration and reduction in
combustion stability are not significant with up to 30 % water by volume.

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Analysis and simulation of a hybrid electric vehicle using a multi-mode transmission and a single electric machine

ZHU Futang, CHEN Li, YIN Chengliang

2012, 3(3): 265-275. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.03.010

Abstract ( 1727 )

PDF (1830KB) ( 1938 )

This paper presents a multi-mode transmission (MMT) for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) using a
single electric machine (EM) and validates its performance. The MMT uses two planetary gear sets and four
clutches to combine an engine and an EM with the vehicle, with the EM operated as a motor or a generator.
This HEV realizes five power flow modes, which are developed into sixteen operation modes, including various
driving, braking, and charging while parking modes. Fuel economy simulations of the vehicle were performed
in Chinese General Driving Cycle, Japan Urban and Highway Cycle, New Europe Driving Cycle, and Federal
Test Procedure 72, respectively. Comparable simulations were obtained with a benchmark vehicle which has a
planetary gear set, two EMs and no clutch. The results indicate the application potential of the proposed single
EM HEV, as the proposed HEV does not use extra electric machines and extra power electronics.

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Review on degradation mechanism and in fluence factors for
vehicular fuel cell systems

ZHANG Xinfeng, YANG Daijun, ZHOU Tuo

2012, 3(3): 276-286. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.03.011

Abstract ( 1850 )

PDF (1405KB) ( 3374 )

The limitation of durability is a bottle neck for the vehicular proton exchange membrane (PEM)
fuel system industrialization. This paper focuses on the perfluorinated sulfonic acid membrane typed fuel cell
and gives a complete review on its key components’ degradation mechanism through deliberate analyses and
conclusions to the achievements of PEM fuel cell performance degradation research by native and overseas
scientists. Logic link chart was used to describe the inner relationship of each degradation phenomenon of
the membrane, catalyst, gas diffusion layer and bipolar plate. The causation of PEM fuel under road operating
conditions is concluded and classified with the semi-qualitative analysis figured out and methods for mitigating
performance degradation suggested.

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Experimental Platform for Research on High Temperature PEM Fuel Cells

SONG Mancun, PEI Pucheng

2012, 3(3): 287-292. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.03.012

Abstract ( 1945 )

PDF (4048KB) ( 1859 )

Experiments are one of the most direct and effective method for research on high temperature
proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC). An experimental platform was developed based on LabView
for HT-PEMFC to acquire experimental data of valuable parameters such as the temperature, pressure, mass
flow rate, and gas stoichiometry. The platform has control strategies for the parameters of the mass flow rate,
time and step length, which are significant for the use of PEMFC vehicles. By using the platform, polarization
curves and voltage losses were measured for both one-piece HT-PEMFCs and 1 kW HT-PEMFC stacks,
while contrast experiments were completed using different mass flow rate control strategies to improve the
performances of HT-PEMFC in the steady or dynamic process. The results are significant for further research
on HT-PEMFCs.

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