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  Low carbon and zero carbon technology paths and key technologies of ICEs under the background of carbon neutrality SHUAI Shijin, WANG Zhi, MA Xiao, XU Hongming, HE Xin, WANG Jianxin Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2021, 12 (4): 417-439.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2021.04.001 Abstract （5140）   HTML （637）    PDF （4021KB）（3701）       Knowledge map    Since China promised to “reach the carbon peak in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060” at the 75th United Nations General Assembly in September 2020, the Paris Agreement signed by major countries and regions in 2016 has controlled the rise of global temperature and accelerated carbon neutrality policies and actions. As the leading power of a large number of road and non-road mobile machinery and national defense equipment, internal combustion engine (ICE) not only undertakes the important mission of energy saving and emission reduction in the near and medium term, but also faces great challenges and important opportunities on how to achieve carbon neutrality in the future. Based on the analysis of carbon neutrality policies and actions in major European countries, America, Japan and China, this paper puts forward two technical paths and their feasibility of low-carbon and zero carbon of ICE in the near and medium term, as well as the key technologies to be solved for zero carbon ICE fueled by biomass fuel, green hydrogen, green ammonia and green electricity synthesized fuel (e-fuel). It aims to explore the road of sustainable development for the future of ICE. Existing research shows that ICE, as an efficient and high power density thermal engine for converting chemical energy into mechanical energy, still has a large room for energy saving through the combination of electrification and intelligent technologies. Compared with fuel cell power, ICE has a more complete industrial chain, higher technical maturity and lower cost. By utilizing zero carbon fuels, ICE can still be widely used in large-scale power equipment such as heavy trucks, construction machinery, ships and aviation, so as to promote the early realization of carbon peak and carbon neutrality in China’s energy and transportation field. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Outlook of electric, hybrid and fuel cell vehicles CHEN Qing-Quan Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (1): 12-24.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.01.002 Abstract （4731）      PDF （1881KB）（2254）       Knowledge map    With the more stringent regulations on emissions and fuel economy the electric, hybrid and fuel cell vehicles have attracted more and more attentions by automakers, governments and customers. This paper reviews the state of the art of electric, hybrid and fuel cell vehicles with focus on their technical features and commercial road map. The fundamental features of electric, hybrid and fuel fell vehicles are summarized. The importance of using engineering philosophy as overall guidance for research & development is emphasized. The architecture and functionality of powertrains is distinctly analyzed. The challenge of energy management is explored, the function and interaction of global control and local is discussed, and the possible types of appropriate control model are suggested. As electric vehicle industry is a disruptive industry, a novel approach for commercialization is discussed. A comprehensive system approach should be adopted to achieve three goodness factors, namely good product, good infrastructure and good business model. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Technologies to relief un-uniformity of power batteries used in electrical vehicles DAI Hai-Feng, SUN Ze-Chang, WEI Xue-Zhe, WANG Jia-Yuan Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (1): 62-67.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.01.009 Abstract （3572）      PDF （1312KB）（1717）       Knowledge map    The un-uniformity of power batteries used in electrical vehicles (EVs) shorten battery service life,reduce battery system performance,and limit battery packs application. To relief the growth of un-uniformity during battery application, the authors structured a battery management system (BMS) for designing single cell protection circuit,and proposed battery pack state estimation. The technologies to resolve the problem could be as a good thermal management in design stage, an efficient electric protection with cell voltage monitoring and cell balancing typically in using stage, and an appropriate cell classification in assembling stage. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Intake performance of unthrottled gasoline engines based on fully variable valve systems XIE Zongfa, QIN Lei, LIU Yongtian, WANG Zhiming Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (3): 257-262.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.03.012 Abstract （3454）      PDF （1861KB）（1869）       Knowledge map    For unthrottled gasoline engines, substitution of fully variable valve systems (FVVSs) for throttles is very important for energy saving and emission reduction. A displacement sensor was used to measure the valve lift and intake efficiency of FVVS with an intake flow-meter used to measure the air inflow of the unthrottled gasoline engines. The movement characteristics of the intake valve were analyzed according to the test results, with the adjustments of the intake air volume by FVVS being discussed. The results show that the fully variable valve system enables the maximum valve lift and opening duration to continuously vary in a large range, so the intake air inflow can be controlled though timing and early intake valve closing or late intake valve closing. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Manufacture and performance tests of lithium iron phosphate batteries used as electric vehicle power ZHANG Guo-Qing, ZHANG Lei, RAO Zhong-Hao, LI Yong Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (1): 68-71.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.01.010 Abstract （3385）      PDF （2857KB）（2191）       Knowledge map    Owing to the outstanding electrochemical performance, the LiFePO4 power batteries could be used on electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. A kind of LiFePO4 power batteries, Cylindrical 26650, was manufactured from commercialized LiFePO4, graphite and electrolyte. To get batteries with good high-current performance, the optimal content of conductive agent was studied and determined at 8% of mass fraction. The electrochemical properties of the batteries were investigated. The batteries had high discharging voltage platform and capacity even at high discharge current. When discharged at 30 C current, they could give out 91.1% of rated capacity. Moreover, they could be fast charged to 80% of rated capacity in ten minutes. The capacity retention rate after 2 000 cycles at 1 C current was 79.9%. Discharge tests at -20 ℃ and 45 ℃ also showed impressive performance. The battery voltage, resistance and capacity varied little after vibration test. Through the safety tests of nail, no inflammation or explosion occurred. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Solutions for the durability of fuel cells in vehicle applications YI Bao-Lian, HOU Ming Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (2): 91-100.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.001 Abstract （3354）      PDF （1428KB）（3446）       Knowledge map    Durability is one of the challenges for the commercialization of fuel cell vehicles. The mechanisms and solutions for fuel cell degradation are elucidated from the material and system point of view. In the aspect of fuel cell system, typical operating processes are analyzed, such as driving cycles, start-stop, low load and idle conditions, in which reactant starvation, dynamic potential scanning and local high potential have significant impacts on the fuel cell durability. Feasible strategies are also discussed for mitigating the degradation. The current state and perspective are addressed on the durability of key material in fuel cells, i.e., catalyst, catalyst support, proton exchange membrane, membrane electrode assembly and bipolar plate. The effective methods to enhance the fuel cell durability should be based on both the material innovation and system improvement. Currently, the improvement on system control strategy is a feasible way to prolong fuel cell lifetime although it has been result in a complex system. Nevertheless, material innovation is a long term task to promote the fuel cell durability. Fuel cells with advanced durable materials and simply system is a desirable goal for the fuel cell vehicle application. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Research progress of high efficient and clean combustion of automotive gasoline engines WANG Jianxin, WANG Zhi Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2010, 1 (3): 167-178.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2010.03.001 Abstract （3148）      PDF （2466KB）（3456）       Knowledge map    This paper illustrates the development of Chinese automotive industry and the evolvement of related energy and emission regulations in the decade 2000—2009. It points out that the importance of energy-saving will exceed the problem of pollution. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) and downsizing are the main two approaches for low fuel consumption.The downsizing technology for port fuel injection (PFI) gasoline engines has an advantage of low cost, while the downsizing technology for GDI engines has a better fuel economy. The 2nd generation of GDI engines with stoichiometric combustion has a limited potential of low fuel consumption. The 3rd generation of GDI engine should solve three problems, including knock at high compression ratio, combustion stability in exhaust diluted atmosphere, and particulate matters formation in stratified mixture. Homogeneous charge compression ignition ( HCCI) is an ideal combustion mode for energy-saving and emission reduction of gasoline engines. Gasoline/diesel dual-fuel combustion can reach the highest benefit on fuel consumption, providing the possibility for unification of gasoline engines and diesel engines in the future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Status and prospect of automotive safety technology in China ZHAO Fu-Quan, WU Cheng-Ming, PAN Zhi-Jie, LIU Wei-Guo, LIU Wei Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (2): 111-121.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.003 Abstract （3132）      PDF （1917KB）（5024）       Knowledge map     Investments of automotive safety technology have substantially been increased due to heavy casualty in traffic accident in China. It thereby accelerates the improvement of R&D capability of safety technology and commercialization process. The fact that the domestic-brand vehicles have achieved C-NCAP 5-star rating marks a great leap forward in terms of passive safety technology in China. The research of passive safety is further performed with regard to pedestrian protection, rear-row passenger’s protection, whiplash protection and cyclist protection. Meanwhile, the research and development of active safety, pre-crash safety and intelligent automotive network system have become the focuses. The perfect combination of high level active and passive safety technology regarding to passenger, vehicle and environment will promote the accomplishment of safety philosophy of zero crash and zero casualty. The subject establishment of state-level development and industrialization, and regulations constitution and perfection thereof will become the driving force of rapid growth of auto safety technology Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  PEM Fuel Cells: Current Status and Challenges for Electrical#br# Vehicle Applications LI Bing, LI Hui, MA Jian-Xin, WANG Hai-Jiang Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2010, 1 (4): 260-269.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2010.04.002 Abstract （3081）      PDF （1740KB）（4018）       Knowledge map    Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology has already made tremendous advances. However, performance, cost, and durability remain the key problems before PEM fuel cells can be successfully commercialized. This paper is a review of current status in the study of PEM fuel cells and the existing challenges for their use in electrical vehicle (EV) applications,basedon a survey of the published literature. In reviewing the current status, we introduce presentstate-ofthe- art PEM fuel cell technology for EV applications and look at key technical achievements. PEM fuel cell research has made particularly significant progress in improving performance, cost, and durability, primarily focusing on the main components of the stack and system. Nonetheless, commercialization of fuel cell electrical vehicle (FCEV) applications is still confronted with performance, cost, and durability hurdles, hindering the achievement of the 2010/2015 US DOE (Department of Energy) targets. The maintenance of fuel cell vehicles as another component of their future commercializationwas also reviewed. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Two Methods Studying Internal Resistance for Lithium-ion Battery Life Estimation Used in EV LIU Qi, LIU Jun-Yong, MIAO Qiang, CHEN Guo-Qiang, WANG Da-Zhi Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (2): 145-149.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.007 Abstract （3066）      PDF （1518KB）（7131）       Knowledge map    Life prediction and performance state estimation online are important in the life stage for each lithium-ion battery in electrical vehicles (EVs). The battery capacity and internal resistance were used to compare the model structure and the chemical meaning of eigen-parameters of two basic approaches; one is the identification of specific parameters based on the Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) in the time domain and the other is Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) analysis in the frequency domain. The results show that the common inherent conflict between the nonlinearity of batteries and the linearization of the identification algorithm constrains the development of lithium-ion battery in EV. Therefore, proposals such as aging mechanism, new life modeling approach, hardware structures and algorithm improvement are given to resolve the difficulties encountered in the implementation of battery life estimation online for lithium-ion systems. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Key technologies and fundamental academic issues for traction battery systems ZHANG Jianbo, LU Languang, LI Zhe Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2012, 3 (2): 87-104.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.02.001 Abstract （3036）      PDF （2451KB）（7348）       Knowledge map    The limitation of traction battery systems in performance, cost, life, and safety constitutes the bottleneck for the diffusion of electric vehicles. This paper analyzes dozens of electric vehicles in the phase of R & D and several major commercialized electric vehicles, identifies and reviews four key technologies for the traction battery system, the assembly of cells into the battery, thermal management, electric energy management, and safety. Underlying these key technologies, two fundamental academic issues are specified: 1) the generation, transfer, and removal of heat in the stacked composite system comprising cells and heat conduction plates/flow fields; 2) the modeling, identification, and control of the battery system comprising a multitude of non-linear, time-varying cells connected in parallel and series. Further development tendency for traction battery systems are viewed, such as the smart cell and the integration with the grid and internet. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Morphologic Characteristics of Korean Elderly Rib Mario Conte, Fiorentino V. Conte, Ira D. Bloom, Kenji Morita, Tomohiko Ikeya, Jeffrey R. Belt Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (2): 134-144.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.006 Abstract （3004）      PDF （2128KB）（3433）       Knowledge map    The electrically-driven vehicles, ranging from limited (mild) hybrid to plug-in hybrid to fully-battery powered, will rely on a new class of advanced storage batteries, such as those based on lithium, to meet different technical and economical targets. The performance and life determination in the various applications of these batteries is a time-consuming and costly testing activity. These costs and efforts, actually carried out in different countries, may be better leveraged through international collaboration, such as that under preparation in the framework of the International Energy Agency.  Here, a new effort is under development that will establish standardized, accelerated testing procedures and will allow battery testing organizations to cooperate in the analysis of the resulting data. This paper reviews the present state-of-the-art in accelerated life testing procedures in Europe, Japan and the US. The existing test procedures will be collected, compared and analyzed with the goal of an international collaboration. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Active stability control strategy based on maximum transmissible torque estimation YIN De-Jun, DA Qian-Xue, QING Shui-Hao, KU Yang-Yi Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (1): 34-38.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.01.004 Abstract （3002）      PDF （2807KB）（1449）       Knowledge map    The Direct Yaw Moment Control (DYC) is an effective way to enhance the two-dimensional motion stability of vehicles. A two-wheel vehicle model as a reference model was built to improve the performance and the practicality of two-dimensional motion control for electric vehicle in-wheel motors. The traction control was based on Maximum Transmissible Torque Estimation (MTTE) for constraining the slip effectively to increase the longitudinal friction force and lateral friction force, but also could provide some additional information on tire-road conditions. A new DYC topology was proposed based on MTTE for electric vehicles. The comparative numerical simulation of the whole control system between the normal DYC and the DYC enhanced by MTTE demonstrated the advantages of the proposed control strategy. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Tests on electrical characteristics of polymer lithium-ion batteries ZHANG Yan-Qin, HU Bo, FENG Neng-Lian, ZHOU Da-Sen Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (1): 53-57.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.01.007 Abstract （2973）      PDF （1652KB）（1396）       Knowledge map    The electrical characteristics were analyzed using three experimental methods with a commercial 20-Ah polymer lithium-ion battery. The first method is a conventional test, in which the voltages are measured as the steady open-circuit voltages after 12-h rest at different state of charge. The second is the rapid test for measurement of open circuit voltages during the charge and discharge pulse with 1-min rest, with the third being the constant-current pulse test with 30-min rest for parameter identification based on the equivalent circuit model. The measurement results show that the constant-current pulse method with 30-minutes relaxation is effective to derive both the open-circuit voltage (OCV) curve and the electrical parameters. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Review of status for automotive fuel and future forecast YAO Chun-De, XU Han-Jun Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (2): 101-110.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.002 Abstract （2947）      PDF （1445KB）（3438）       Knowledge map    For saving energy and protecting environment, it is necessary to develop new automotive fuel for current as well as future demand. The authors review the state-of-art and development of current petrol fuels for automobiles as well as various kinds of alternative fuels available for them, and also foresee the future for the development of those fuels. The conclusion is that the petroleum fuel will play dominant roles in long time of future, but gaseous fuel will be adopted in certain areas; alcoholic and etheric fuel will come to be used more and more, some new fuels may also be applied on automobiles. With the development of technology, multiple fuels will be selected as the research and application tendency in the future. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Simulation and Experiment on Air-Cooled Thermal Energy Management of Lithium-Ion Power Batteries ZHANG Jiangyun, ZHANG Guoqing, ZHANG Lei, RAO Zhonghao Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (2): 181-184.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.012 Abstract （2920）      PDF （1477KB）（2544）       Knowledge map     The air-cooled methods were used for cooling commercial LiFePO4 batteries to illustrate the effect of heat transfer enhancement. The commercial LiFePO4 batteries were tested at 15-35 A. The temperature distribution in a single battery was numerical ly simulated according to the experiment al data. Air flow across two and three batteries was simulated to illustrate the air-cooled effect. Experiment al and simulation results show that air-coola has a positive significance for the battery thermal management at discharging currents of 0-30 A. For discharging currents less than 30 A, the peak temperature in batteries is less than 50 ℃, while the temperature difference between batteries is still more than 5 ℃. When the discharging current is higher than 30 A, air-cooling for batteries and battery packs can not guarantee evenly temperature distribution, not being able to meet the regui re ment of batteriy heat dissipation. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Safe distance model and obstacle detection algorithms for a collision warning and collision avoidance system PEI Xiaofei, LIU Zhaodu, MA Guocheng, YE Yang Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2012, 3 (1): 26-33.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.01.004 Abstract （2891）      PDF （1907KB）（3604）       Knowledge map    Safe-driving was assisted with key parameters calibrated according to the driver’s characteristics using a developed system of vehicle collision warning and collision avoidance (CW/CA). The system defines the inverse of time-to-collision (TTC-1) as the evaluation index with the grading warning and braking safe distance model adopted based on hazardous level ε . A millimeter waveradar obstacle detection method was designed with adaptive cruise control (ACC). The system configuration and control logic were designed based on a Jetta car with the collision avoidance test and the manual / automatic interaction test implemented on dry roads. The real car experiments show that the CW/CA system in accordance with desired TTC-1 index improves vehicle active safety, and embodies the driver’s priority and cooperation. Related Articles | Metrics

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  Suggestion for Making Rapid Advances in Automotive Safety in China Albert I. KING Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2010, 1 (1): 1-5.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2010.01.001 Abstract （2854）      PDF （1498KB）（1925）       Knowledge map    In order to make rapid advances in automotive safety in China, it is critical that safety engineers designing future vehicles in China should take bold and radical action to skip over the many steps undertaken by previous designers in the process of coming up with a modern and safe vehicle. The current trend of working towards meeting safety standards and relying on anthropomorphic test devices (ATD’s), such as the Hybrid III dummy, as the only guide will inevitably lead to a slow path of progress towards a safer vehicle followed by designers in Europe and the US in the past. This process can be accelerated considerably if the ATD is replaced by a computer model of the human and all designs are based on computer simulations. This will result in a much faster design cycle and a vehicle that is truly safe for the human occupant. Safety standards can still be met through a final crash test involving ATD’s. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Contactless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicle Battery Charger Yuichi NAGATSUKA, Shingo NOGUCHI, Yasuyoshi KANEKO, Shigeru ABE, Tomio YASUDA, Kazuhiko IDA, Akira SUZUKI, Ryoichi YAMANOUCHI Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy    2011, 2 (2): 150-156.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.02.008 Abstract （2783）      PDF （2382KB）（3897）       Knowledge map      Contactless power transfer systems are desirable having more compact and lightweight for electric vehicles (EVs) recharging. A transformer of the system was developed according to the criteria of having high efficiency, a large air gap, and good tolerance to misalignment. The transformer uses series and parallel capacitors with rectangular cores and double-sided windings, with the size of 240 mm×300 mm×40 mm, the gap length of (70 ± 20) mm, the misalignment tolerance in the lateral direction of ± 125 mm, and the secondary mass of 4.6 kg. The characteristics of the system were studied with a charge control circuit and lead acid batteries being connected to the secondary winding. The results show that an output power of 1.5 kW and efficiency of 95% was achieved in the normal position and that the system has acompact-structure, light-weight, and satisfies the above criteria. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Present and Future of Premixed Compression Ignition Engines Hongming XU Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy    2012, 3 (3): 185-199.   doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2012.03.001 Abstract （2756）      PDF （3466KB）（3539）       Knowledge map    Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) was perhaps the most attractive topic during the last decade for engine combustion researchers so was subsequently investigated more intensively than other engine technologies. Its application has stagnated at the present but its derivatives such as partially premixed compression ignition (PPCI) still remain as promising alternatives to the conventional combustion systems. This paper presents an overview of the research on HCCI and its derivatives and it also provides a future outlook of the next generation of new combustion systems in relation to the concept of premixed compression ignition. It is believed that multiple injections of multiple fuels using even higher compression ratios combined with boosting will be the way forwards for high efficiency engines and this development trend will likely lead to merging of diesel and gasoline engine technologies using premixed compression ignition. Related Articles | Metrics