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Welcome to Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy,
汽车安全与节能学报

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  • 2011, Vol. 2 No. 4 Published on:26 December 2011 Previous issue    Next issue
    Vehicle and Fuel Development in an Energy and Environmentally Constrained World
    WANG Michael Quanlu, KODJAK Drew, CAIHao
    2011, 2(4):  271-293.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.04.001
    Abstract ( 2141 )   PDF (2734KB) ( 3605 )  
    This paper summarizes the developments for vehicles and fuels in an energy and environmentally
    constrained world to solve transportation problems of air pollution, energy insecurity, and climate change. The
    results show that as the regulatory landscape in Europe and North America has recently moved to reductions
    of greenhouse gas emission caused by motor vehicles, efficient vehicle technologies and low-carbon fuels will
    play increasingly important roles in the transportation sector. Globally, multiple solutions are being pursued. Such
    solutions include efficient vehicle technologies, clean fuels, alternative fuels (including biofuels, advanced biofuels),
    and electric drive technologies such as hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and battery-powered electric vehicles. Strong
    regulatory requirements for energy conservation and emission reductions for motor vehicles can continue to provide
    a platform and incentives for research, development, and deployment of these vehicle and fuel technologies.
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    Laser diagnostics for spray of spark ignition direct injection (SIDI) combustion system
    ZHANG Yuyin, ZHANG Gaoming, XU Min
    2011, 2(4):  294-307.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.04.002
    Abstract ( 2441 )   PDF (2170KB) ( 3512 )  
    The technologies for development of spark ignition direct injection (SIDI) engines still need further research in China. Advanced
    spray laser diagnostics, three dimensional computational fluid dynamics (3-D CFD) modeling and the combustion diagnostics based on optical
    engine play leading roles in the development of SIDI combustion systems. Among these technologies, advanced laser diagnostics is becoming
    increasingly important, because through laser diagnostics one can realize visualization and quantitative measurements of in-cylinder processes,
    which are essential for validation of CFD modeling and understanding the physical phenomena in the mixture formation and combustion
    processes. This paper summarizes and compares various technologies in spray laser diagnostics which are used to provide information
    for modern SIDI combustion system development. The review includes diagnostics for spray structures, flow fields, droplet sizes and fuel
    evaporation, which enables optimization and matching of the spray, air flow and the combustion chamber of an SIDI combustion system.
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    Automotive Safety
    Improved Structure Design for Bus Front Framework Based on the Pendulum Test
    WANG Xiao, JIAN Xiaochun, LI Qian, LI Nan, WEN Yongmei
    2011, 2(4):  308-311.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.04.003
    Abstract ( 1986 )   PDF (1335KB) ( 2819 )  
    A bus front framework structure design was proposed to improve the bus structure crashworthiness,
    with a finite element model established based on a type of bus in production in China. Pendulum tests were
    simulated numerically referring to the requirements of European regulation ECE-R29. The transformations
    and accelerations for a bus front framework in crash were calculated using nonlinear explicit finite element
    code LS-DYNA. An orthogonal design was applied to optimizing the frame absorption efficiency for different
    materials and thicknesses. The results show that the bus-framework thin-walled structures absorb and dissipate
    the kinetic energy of the pendulum while keeping the deceleration level under the tolerable limit; and that the
    improved scheme has better absorption efficiency with fewer experiments for structure design than conventional
    schemes.
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    Crash compatibility of a light truck vehicle to a passenger car:The relationship between delta velocity and occupant injury severity
    TANG Youming, HUANG Hongwu, YANG Jikuang,
    2011, 2(4):  312-316.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.04.004
    Abstract ( 2042 )   PDF (1504KB) ( 1907 )  
    This paper analyzes the distribution of injured occupants in side impact collisions of light truck
    vehicles to passenger cars in the real world. The injury levels were divided into MAIS 0-7 injured occupants
    and MAIS 3+ injured occupants. The injury distribution of five main seriously injured body regions (including
    head/face/neck, chest, pelvis, upper extremity and lower extremity) was investigated at delta velocity before
    and after crash, using the delta velocity of struck and striking vehicles as the variable, according to 1.36 million
    weighted crash compatibility cases extracted from the US National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) /
    Crashworthiness Data System (CDS) database. The results show that the delta velocity of striking vehicle is
    larger than that of the struck vehicle, and the occupant injured risk ratio is lower than that of the struck vehicle.
    Therefore, avoiding the pelvis injury of drivers and passengers can reduce the risk of total occupants involved in
    the collisions in consideration of crash compatibility.
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    Passenger car-body crashworthiness based on the force transmission path of frontal impact
    LIU Zhao, ZHU Ping, YU Ming, LU Jiahai
    2011, 2(4):  317-322.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.04.005
    Abstract ( 2051 )   PDF (1609KB) ( 2077 )  
    Structural crashworthiness was investigated for a passenger car-body to improve vehicle safety. The
    auto-body structure was analyzed based on the force transmission path of frontal impact, with the auto-body
    finite element model being built using the HyperWorks program and some key parts being improved including
    the front side rail, front cross rail and crash box for a passenger car-body structure. Two front impacts were
    numerically simulated using LS-DYNA program according to the crash regulation by China New Car Assessment
    Program, CNCAP, in which one is full front impact with rigid barrier (RGB) and the other is 40% offset front
    impact with offset deformable barrier (ODB). The results show that owing to car-body structure improvements,
    the intrusion capacities obviously decrease with accelerations of both the left and right “B” pillars decreasing in
    the two front impacts, and with increased impact energy absorption of 9.8 kJ for the 100% RGB and 3.3 kJ for
    the 40% ODB.
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    Head stress analysis of motorcycle’s two crew members in a car-motorcycle side-crash
    HAN Weibin, CHEN Junyi, WANG Hongyan
    2011, 2(4):  323-329.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.04.006
    Abstract ( 1798 )   PDF (1638KB) ( 1863 )  
    The relationship between the head subjected forces of two motorcycle occupants and time was
    analyzed to obtain more intuitive results in car-motorcycle side-impact, which is a common accident. Virtual
    field experiments were made with PC-Crash software to simulate and analyze head subjected forces. The
    simulations are grouped based on the vehicle velocity, the motorcycle velocity, the collision position, etc. Two
    accident cases recorded by Shanghai United Road Traffic Safety Scientific Research Center at Tongji University
    were used as data base. The force peak and the region area changing with timeline were analyzed for different
    conditions. The results show that the motorcycle occupants' head injuries are related to the collision position of
    the motorcycle at any kind of impact velocity and that the one who is closer to collision point is more vulnerable
    to injury.
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    Combustion and emission characteristics of low octane number gasoline with partially diffused compression ignition
    YANG Hongqiang, SHUAI Shijin, FU Haichao, WANG Zhi, WANG Jianxin, ZHOU Xiangjin
    2011, 2(4):  330-337.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.04.007
    Abstract ( 1438 )   PDF (2122KB) ( 2436 )  

    Partially diffused compression ignition mode was combined with low octane number gasoline to
    meet the more strict emission and fuel economy standards in future, as well as to lower costs. Experimental
    comparison was carried out based on a two-cylinder diesel engine fueled with low octane number gasoline and
    conventional diesel fuel, respectively. Normal 0# diesel and gasoline with research octane number (RON) of 46
    and 56 were tested. Smoke numbers were measured by FBY-2 Bosch smoke meter, and the gaseous emissions
    were measured using AVL SESAM 4.0 multi-gas analyzer. Performance of fuel economy, soot emission and
    gaseous pollutants were compared and analyzed to show that the fuel consumption is even lower than that
    of diesel when burning low octane number gasoline due to a rapid combustion of the gasoline with the smoke
    markedly reduced, especially under high load and high speed conditions; however, the total hydrocarbon (THC)
    emission is higher than that of burning conventional diesel fuel.

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    Control System of Linear Engine for Hybrid Electric Vehicle
    WANG Xiaoqin, WU Zhijun, LI Liguang, DENG Jun, LUAN Yanlong
    2011, 2(4):  330-337.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.04.008
    Abstract ( 2062 )   PDF (1817KB) ( 2260 )  
    A linear engine-alternator combination power system was developed for Hybrid Electric Vehicle
    (HEV) application. The linear engine prototype was accomplished based on a two-stroke original engine using
    modification of a mechanical system and an electronical control system. According to the experimental objective
    at earlier stage, a measurement and control system was developed including a transient data acquisition system
    and the software based on LabVIEW. Starting process control of the engine was realized after the design of
    software and hardware based on Infineon processing chip XC167CI. The feasibility of the prototype was verified
    with some exploratory experiments made to study the linear engine movement characteristics. The results show
    that the developed prototype can operate normally.
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    Direct Measuring Method for Dual Shafts’ Speed Difference of Electrical Variable Transmission
    CUI Shumei, HUANG Wenxiang, KUANG Zhi, CHENG Yuan, SONG Liwei
    2011, 2(4):  345-350.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.04.009
    Abstract ( 1928 )   PDF (2360KB) ( 2282 )  

    An electric machine type with a dual-rotor structure called electrical variable transmission (EVT)
    was proposed in hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) transmission application, whose speed difference of dual shafts is
    detected in real time for its inner motor vector control. A detection method was developed based on salient outer
    rotor variable reluctance (VR) resolver work with ring transformer, with the resolver-to-digital converter (RDC)
    board based on AD2S1200 being built for the control system. The method can avoid defects such as signal
    delay and error accumulation caused by traditional methods, which use two sensors to detect the dual shafts’
    speeds and solve the difference thereafter. The results show that the method can be used in EVT’s speed
    control systems.

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    Construction of Permanent-Magnet Electric Variable Transmissions for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
    Yuan CHENG, Christophe ESPANET, Rochdi TRIGUI, Alain BOUSCAYROL, Shumei CUI
    2011, 2(4):  351-355.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.04.010
    Abstract ( 2075 )   PDF (1445KB) ( 2559 )  
    This paper presents a novel permanent-magnet electric variable transmission (PM-EVT) with
    an appropriate structure for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) applications. Such a PM-EVT is similar to the wellknown
    series-parallel HEV (SP-HEV) of Toyota Prius, but with more integrated functions and simpler structures,
    with the planetary gear also eliminated. By analyzing four possible mechanical connections and different PM
    positions, a simplest structure of PM-EVT was finally chosen which has one stator, one inner rotor and one
    outer rotor, with the stator and inner rotor having independent windings, and the PMs located on the outer rotor.
    The results show that different PM arrangements on the outer rotor regard the machine performances and
    controllabilities.
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    Additional cost model for a complete-distributed automotivebody electrical/electronic system
    ZHANG Xinfeng, YANG Diange, LIAN Xiaomin
    2011, 2(4):  356-362.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2011.04.011
    Abstract ( 1573 )   PDF (1638KB) ( 1917 )  
    Cost is the main obstacle for use of completely distributed automotive body electrical systems. A
    complete-distributed electrical/electronic system architecture was proposed and a related additional cost model
    was established, which consists of a harness cost model and an electronic control unit cost model. The electrical
    system was applied to an urban shuttle bus to analyze the cost of harness material, labor, and control unit. The
    proposed model proves to be effective. The results predicted using the model show that, for the completely
    distributed electrical system in future, on one hand, the cost of copper and labor will increase, and on the other
    hand, the cost of electronic devices will decrease with time. Therefore, the additional cost will not only reach its
    balance, but will be lower than that of the existing systems.
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