制储一体氢能应急电源车设计及热管理策略

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2026.05.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为解决传统应急电源污染严重、氢能应急电源车固态储氢-燃料电池耦合系统热管理控制难、能量利用率低等问题，开展制储一体氢能应急电源车设计及热管理策略研究。提出质子交换膜（PEM）制氢、固态储氢与燃料电池一体化集成架构，建立耦合系统热力学模型，设计鲁棒预测控制（RPC）、自适应滑模控制（ASMC）、基于模型控制（MBC）等 3 种温度控制算法，搭建实验平台开展稳态与阶跃变载工况验证。结果表明：稳态工况下 3 种算法均将温度波动控制在（±2）℃内；阶跃变载工况中，MBC 算法响应快、超调小、恢复稳定迅速，综合性能最优；ASMC 算法响应最快，但升温超调 3.2℃、降温超调 7%；RPC 算法无超调，但响应偏慢；固态储氢系统在放氢稳态工况下可利用燃料电池产热30.6%，系统每小时节省散热器功耗 9.7×10³ kJ，PEM 制氢纯度达 99.999% 以上，供氢压力稳定满足燃料电池运行需求。该集成架构实现制氢、储氢、用氢一体化稳定供电，MBC 算法最优适配耦合系统热管理，余热回收显著提升能量利用率，研究成果可为氢能应急电源车工程设计与能效提升提供实用支撑。

关键词: 氢能应急电源车, 质子交换膜（PEM）制氢, 固态储氢, 燃料电池, 热管理, 温度控制算法

Abstract:

A study on the design and thermal management strategy of an integrated hydrogen production and storage emergency power supply vehicle was carried out to address the problems of severe pollution from conventional emergency power sources, the difficulty in thermal management control of the solid-state hydrogen storage-fuel cell coupled systems in hydrogen-powered emergency power vehicles, and the low overall energy utilization efficiency. An integrated architecture integrating proton exchange membrane (PEM) hydrogen production, solid-state hydrogen storage and fuel cells was proposed. A thermodynamic model of the coupled system was established, and three temperature control algorithms, i.e. robust predictive control (RPC), adaptive sliding mode control (ASMC) and model-based control (MBC), were designed. An experimental platform was constructed and tested under steady-state and step load change conditions. The results show that all three algorithms constrain the temperature fluctuation within (±2)℃ under steady-state conditions. Under step load change conditions, the MBC algorithm features fast response, small overshoot and rapid stability recovery with the best comprehensive performance; the ASMC algorithm has the fastest response but suffers a temperature overshoot of 3.2℃ during heating and 7% during cooling; the RPC algorithm shows no overshoot but slow response. The solid-state hydrogen storage system can utilize 30.6% of the heat generated by the fuel cell under steady-state hydrogen desorption conditions, and the system reduces the radiator power consumption by 9.7×10³ kJ per hour. The purity of hydrogen produced by PEM electrolysis is above 99.999%, and the stable hydrogen supply pressure satisfies the operational requirements of fuel cells. The proposed integrated architecture achieves stable power supply via the integration of hydrogen production, storage and utilization. The MBC algorithm is optimally suitable for the thermal management of the coupled system, and waste heat recovery remarkably enhances the energy utilization efficiency. The research results provide practical support for the engineering design and energy efficiency promotion of hydrogen-fueled emergency power supply vehicles.

Key words: hydrogen-driven emergency power vehicle, proton exchange membrane (PEM) hydrogen production, solid-state hydrogen storage, fuel cell, thermal management, temperature control algorithm

中图分类号:

李超然, 董天舒, 韩辉, 陈雅雯, 杨晨, 原宗辉, 李闫. 制储一体氢能应急电源车设计及热管理策略[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2026, 17(5): 578-587.

LI Chaoran, DONG Tianshu, HAN Hui, CHEN Yawen, YANG Chen, YUAN Zonghui, LI Yan. Design and thermal management strategy on a hydrogen production and storage integrated emergency power supply vehicle[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2026, 17(5): 578-587.

图/表 11

参考文献 23

[1]	徐敏, 姚雯倩, 李天婷, 等. 面向多场景应急保供电需求的移动式储能优化配置方法[J/OL]. 上海交通大学学报, 1-20. [2026-10-20] https://doi.org/10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2025.344.
	XU Min, YAO Wenqian, LI Tianting, et al. Optimal sizing method of mobile energy storage for emergency power supplies of distribution networks[J]. J Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, 1-20. [2026-10-20] https://doi.org/10.16183/j.cnki.jsjtu.2025.344. (in Chinese)
[2]	虞启辉, 张旭晓, 王前程. 小型应急电源系统研究进展及应用[J]. 内蒙古科技大学学报, 2020, 39(4): 348-356.
	YU Qihui, ZHANG Xuxiao, WANG Qiancheng. Research progress and application of small emergency power supply system[J]. J Inner Mongolia Univ Sci Tech, 2020, 39(4): 348-356. (in Chinese)
[3]	杨轶航, 韩璐, 罗晶, 等. 考虑源-荷不确定性的低碳海油平台综合能源系统优化调度[J]. 电力自动化设备, 2026, 46(5): 100-109.
	YANG Yihang, HAN Lu, LUO Jing, et al. Optimal dispatch of integrated energy system for low-carbon offshore oil platforms considering source-load uncertainty[J]. Powe Auto Equip, 2026, 46(5): 100-109. (in Chinese)
[4]	圣国龙, 郭江. 基于运行数据的核电厂应急柴油发电机可靠性分析与评价[J]. 机械设计, 2025(2): 164-170.
	SHENG Guolong, GUO Jiang. Reliability analysis and evaluation of emergency diesel generators in nuclear power plants based on operational data[J]. J Mech Desi, 2025(2): 164-170. (in Chinese)
[5]	范玉华, 宋建刚. 备用电源、应急电源与自备柴油发电机关系探讨[J]. 建筑电气, 2025, 44(8): 9-12.
	FAN Yuhua, SONG Jiangang. Discussion on the relation-ship between standby power supply, emergency power supply and self-provided diesel generator[J]. Powe Supp Distr, 2025, 44(8): 9-12. (in Chinese)
[6]	XU Dong, HOU Jialei, WANG Zhichuan, et al. Highly sulfonated COF in hybrid PEMs confer efficient proton conductivity for water electrolysis[J]. J Memb Sci, 2026, 738(PA): 124875.
[7]	Ramos S D J, Bastos C T I, Almeida D O J, et al. Isolated offshore wind-powered hydrogen production: A time-domain coupled power control and PEM electrolysis model for transient behavior and LCOH analysis[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ, 2025, 191: 152284.
[8]	唐乾, 张显峰, 段东霞, 等. PEM制氢系统变压吸附工艺设计[J]. 山东化工, 2024, 53(9): 234-239
	TANG Qian, ZHANG Xianfeng, DUAN Dongxia, et al. Design of PEM hydrogen production system pressure swing adsorption process[J]. Shandong Chem Ind, 2024, 53(9): 234-239. (in Chinese)
[9]	李海波. 固态储氢技术现状与发展趋势分析[J]. 现代化工, 2024, 44(4): 13-18. doi: 10.16606/j.cnki.issn0253-4320.2024.04.003
	LI Haibo. Development trend and present status of solid-state hydrogen storage technology[J]. Mode Chem Ind, 2024, 44(4): 13-18. (in Chinese)
[10]	刘名瑞, 王晓霖, 李遵照, 等. 基于化学吸附机制的固态储氢技术研究与展望[J]. 炼油技术与工程, 2023, 53(11): 1-5.
	LIU Mingrui, WANG Xiaolin, LI Zunzhao, et al. Research and prospect of solid-state hydrogen storage technology based on chemisorption mechanism[J]. Petro Refi Engi, 2023, 53(11): 1-5. (in Chinese)
[11]	朱宁伟, 赵京辉, 谢海洋, 等. 电流密度和运行温度对PEM水电解制氢能耗的影响[J]. 新能源进展, 2024, 12(1): 35-39.
	ZHU Ningwei, ZHAO Jinghui, XIE Haiyang, et al. Influ-ence of current density and operating temperature on energy consumption of PEM water electrolysis hydrogen generation[J]. Advan New Renew Energ, 2024, 12(1): 35-39. (in Chinese)
[12]	李明达, 张岸佳, 尧兢, 等. 氢能自行车用固态储氢罐氢-热耦合优化[J]. 西安工业大学学报, 2025, 45(2): 282-292.
	LI Mingda, ZHANG Anjia, YAO Jing, et al. Optimization of hydrogen-heat coupling for solid-state hydrogen storage tanks for hydrogen-powered bicycles[J]. J Xi'an Tech Univ, 2025, 45(2): 282-292. (in Chinese)
[13]	YANG Kai, WANG Bowen, GONG Zhichao, et al. Tempe-rature collaborative control strategy using dung beetle optimizer in proton exchange membrane fuel cell system[J]. Renew Energ, 2026, 256(PA): 123946.
[14]	LIU Zhigang, CHEN Wen, LIU Shi, et al. Design of hydrogen-powered mobile emergency power vehicle with soft open point and appropriate energy management strategy[J]. Appl Syst Innov, 2025, 8: 167. doi: 10.3390/asi8060167 URL
[15]	ZHOU Ze, FU Zhichao, ZHANG Liyan, et al. Multi-objective optimization for low hydrogen consumption and long useful life in fuel cell emergency power supply system[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ, 2024, 68: 297-310.
[16]	WANG Tianwen, LIU Hao, GAO Yuan, et al. Hydrogen leakage risk analysis of hydrogen emergency power supply vehicles using the AET-RM method[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ, 2024, 79: 909-920.
[17]	GU Bowen, LIU Hao, ZHANG Tong, et al. Hydrogen leakage risk analysis of hydrogen fuel emergency power vehicle multi-scenario based on dynamic Bayesian network[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ, 2025, 136: 173-185.
[18]	Vigneshwaran P, Dhayalini K. Human evolutionary optimi-zation algorithm-based energy management in fuel cell, battery & super capacitor powered electric vehicle[J]. J Energ Stor, 2025, 140(Pt A): 118957.
[19]	郎冬余, 鲍刚, 张树, 等. 质子交换膜燃料电池散热优化及废热-储氢系统耦合[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2025, 16(6): 905-913.
	LANG Dongyu, BAO Gang, ZHANG Shu, et al. Optimiza- tion of heat dissipation in proton exchange membrane fuel cells and coupling of waste heat-hydrogen storage system[J]. J Autom Safe Energ, 2025, 16(6): 905-913. (in Chinese)
[20]	宋波, 孙凯, 车志钊, 等. 能量管理策略对燃料电池客车热管理系统性能的影响[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2022, 13(3): 526-534.
	SONG Bo, SUN Kai, CHE Zhizhao, et al. Influence of the energy management strategy on the thermal management system performance of fuel cell bus[J]. J Autom Safe Energ, 2022, 13(3): 526-534. (in Chinese)
[21]	宋泽华, 陈浩, 郭航, 等. 基于蓄热装置辅助的燃料电池电动车供暖系统动态仿真[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2024, 15(1): 55-63.
	SONG Zehua, CHEN Hao, GUO Hang, et al. Dynamic simulation of heating system in fuel cell vehicles based on thermal storage device assistance[J]. J Autom Safe Energ, 2024, 15(1): 55-63. (in Chinese)
[22]	周天鹏, 牛礼民, 音建华, 等. 基于AMESim的质子交换膜燃料电池测试系统仿真与实验分析[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2025, 16(2): 200-208.
	ZHOU Tianpeng, NIU Limin, YIN Jianhua, et al. Simula-tion and experimental analysis of proton exchange mem-brane fuel cell test system based on AMESim[J]. J Autom Safe Energ, 2025, 16(2): 200-208. (in Chinese)
[23]	Ghasemi M, Ramiar A, Ranjbar A A, et al. A numerical study on thermal analysis and cooling flow fields effect on PEMFC performance[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ, 2017, 42(38): 24319-24337.

参数	取值	来源/标定方法
储氢合金比热容，c_MH	0.45 kJ / (kg·K)	供应商提供
散热器综合系数，C	0.021 W·min ^k / (r^k·K)	散热器性能曲线拟合
散热器转速指数，k	1.25	散热器性能曲线拟合
预测系数，k_pre	0.35	离线仿真整定(1.2倍临界增益法)
换热器效率，η	0.95	实验标定(进出口温差法)
冷却液密度，C_cool	4.2 kJ / (kg·K)	乙二醇-水溶液(50% 体积比)
冷却液密度，ρ_cool	1 070 kg / m³	乙二醇-水溶液(50% 体积比)

参数	取值	来源/标定方法
储氢合金比热容，c_MH	0.45 kJ / (kg·K)	供应商提供
散热器综合系数，C	0.021 W·min ^k / (r^k·K)	散热器性能曲线拟合
散热器转速指数，k	1.25	散热器性能曲线拟合
预测系数，k_pre	0.35	离线仿真整定(1.2倍临界增益法)
换热器效率，η	0.95	实验标定(进出口温差法)
冷却液密度，C_cool	4.2 kJ / (kg·K)	乙二醇-水溶液(50% 体积比)
冷却液密度，ρ_cool	1 070 kg / m³	乙二醇-水溶液(50% 体积比)