供氢策略对空冷型质子交换膜氢燃料电池堆性能影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2026.02.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为改善空冷型质子交换膜氢燃料电池（PEMFC）堆输出性能，提出了双向供氢策略和交替式供氢策略。通过数值仿真与标定实验相结合的方法，系统探究了不同控制策略下PEMFC堆内部氢气、水含量分布规律以及输出特性。结果表明：双向供氢策略阳极催化层氢气分布均匀性最优，其氢气质量分数最大差值为0.27，而传统单向供氢策略下氢气质量分数最大差值为0.46；交替式供氢策略的质子交换膜水分布最均匀，显著优于传统单向供氢策略。在高电流密度区域, 随着负载电流密度的增加，不同策略下电堆输出电压差异性逐渐增大，其交替式供氢策略整体输出性能最优，双向供氢策略次之。在高负载工况（0.5 A/cm²）下，交替式供氢策略的输出电压最大波动为3.4 mV，电流密度标准差为140.2 mA/cm²；双向供氢策略输出电压最大波动为2.7 mV，电流密度标准差为136.1 mA/cm²，其电压稳定性和电流分布均匀性均略优于其他2种策略。实验验证了交替供氢策略模拟仿真结果的定量准确性，从而证实了其技术的可行性和实际应用潜力。

关键词: 质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）堆, 水管理, 水含量, 供氢策略

Abstract:

A bidirectional hydrogen supply strategy and an alternating hydrogen supply strategies were proposed to enhance the operational of air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks. A combined methodology of numerical simulation and experimental calibration was employed to systematically investigate the distributions of hydrogen concentration and membrane water content within the PEMFC stacks, as well as the corresponding stack output characteristics under all different strategies. The results show that the bidirectional strategy achieves the highest uniformity of hydrogen distribution across the anode catalytic layer, with a maximum hydrogen mass fraction difference of 0.27, significantly lower than the 0.46 observed under the conventional unidirectional strategy. The alternating strategy yields the most uniform water distribution in the proton exchange membrane, markedly outperforming the unidirectional strategy. In the high current density regions, as the load current density increases, the differences in output voltage of the stack under the three strategies become progressively more pronounced; the alternating strategy delivers the superior electrochemical performance, followed closely by the bidirectional strategy. At a current density of 0.5 A/cm², the alternating strategy exhibits a maximum voltage fluctuation of 3.4 mV and a current density standard deviation of 140.2 mA/cm², while the bidirectional hydrogen supply strategy has 2.7 mV, and 136.1 mA/cm², respectively, demonstrating the improved voltage stability and the marginally better current distribution uniformity, thereby outperforming both the other strategies under high-load conditions. The experimental results validate the quantitative accuracy of the simulated performance trends for the bidirectional strategy, thereby confirming its technical feasibility and practical potential.

Key words: proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks, water management, water content, hydrogen supply strategy

中图分类号:

TM911.4

徐建军, 乔文山, 刘瑛, 王之丰. 供氢策略对空冷型质子交换膜氢燃料电池堆性能影响[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2026, 17(2): 253-260.

XU Jianjun, QIAO Wenshan, LIU Ying, WANG Zhifeng. Influence of hydrogen supply strategies on the performance of air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cell stacks[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2026, 17(2): 253-260.

图/表 12

参考文献 18

[1]	Raviprabhakaran V, Pabbu P. Machine learning optimized green hydrogen fuel cell system for sustainable and efficient electric vehicle charging[J]. Proc Instit Mech Engi, Part A: *J Power Energy, 2026, 240*(3): 468-484.
[2]	杨建青, 罗仁宏, 崔嵘, 等. 基于超薄均温板的聚合物电解质膜燃料电池堆散热性能研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 2(9): 2962-2970. doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0372
	YANG Jianqing, LUO Renhong, CUI Rong, et al. Study on heat dissipation performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack based on ultra-thin vapor chamber[J]. *Energ Stor Sci Tech*, 2023, 2(9): 2962-2970. (in Chinese)
[3]	葛志晶, 郑东明, 裴东号, 等. 质子交换膜燃料电池均温板散热特性的数值分析[J]. 太阳能学报, 2024, 5(6): 9-116.
	GE Zhijing, ZHENG Dongming, PEI Donghao, et al. Numerical analysis on heat dissipation characteristics of vapor chamber for proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J]. *Acta Energ Sola Sin*, 2024, 5(6): 9-116. (in Chinese)
[4]	YANG Jian, ZHANG Han, LIU Jun, et al. Heat transfer enhancement of ultra-thin vapor chambers with composite wick structures[J]. *Appl Therm Engi, 2024, 245*(7): 122105.
[5]	Jang S, Seol C, Kang, Y S, et al. Investigation of the effect of carbon-covering layer on catalyst layer in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell in low relative humidity condition[J]. *J Power Sources, 2019, 436*(3): 226823.
[6]	Cha D, Jeon S W, Yang W, et al. Comparative performance evaluation of self-humidifying PEMFCs with short-side-chain and long-side-chain membranes under various operating conditions[J]. *Energy, 2018, 150*(5): 320-328.
[7]	JIAO Kui, LI Xianguo. Water transport in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells[J]. *Prog Energ Comb*, 2011, 37(3): 221-291.
[8]	张拴羊, 徐洪涛, 张国宾, 等. 海豚状肋片仿生流场的PEMFC性能研究[J]. 汽车工程, 2025, 47(10): 1953-1962.
	ZHANG Shuanyang, XU Hongtao, ZHANG Guobin, et al. Performance study on PEMFC with dolphin-rib inspired bionic flow field[J]. *Autom Engineering*, 2025, 47(10): 1953-1962. (in Chinese)
[9]	韦彦强, 赵嘉平, 冯一帆, 等. 质子交换膜燃料电池流场的结构设计及优化研究[J]. 电源技术, 2025, 49(11): 2294-2302. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.11.012
	WEI Yanqiang, ZHAO Jiaping, FENG Yifan, et al. Structural design and optimization of flow field for proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J]. *Chin J Power Sources*, 2025, 49(11): 2294-2302. (in Chinese)
[10]	LIANG He, HOU Ming, GAO Yanyan, et al. A novel three-dimensional ffow ffeld design and experimental research for proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. *Energ Conv Manag, 2020, 205*(1): 1123-1135.
[11]	李文新. 基于鼓泡增湿器的燃料电池测试系统建模与湿度控制研究[D]. 青岛: 青岛理工大学, 2025.
	LI Wenxin. Modeling and humidity control of fuel cell test system based on bubbling humidifier[D]. Qingdao: Qingdao University of Technology, 2025. (in Chinese)
[12]	王玮. 质子交换膜燃料电池板式膜增湿器流道改进及性能研究[D]. 北京: 华北电力大学, 2023.
	WANG Wei. Flow channel improvement and performance study of plate membrane humidifier for proton exchange membrane fuel cell[D]. Beijing: North China Electric Power University, 2023. (in Chinese)
[13]	王贵荣. 阴极循环对氢燃料电池系统电压钳位及自增湿效应的研究[J]. 电源学报, 2023, 21(4): 130-137. doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2023.4.130
	WANG Guirong. Study on voltage clamping and self-humidification effect of cathode circulation on hydrogen fuel cell system[J]. *J Power Sources*, 2023, 21(4): 130-137. (in Chinese)
[14]	Rodosik S, Poirot-Crouvezier J P, Bultel Y. Impact of humidiffcation by cathode exhaust gases recirculation on a PEMFC system for automotive applications[J]. *Hydro Energ*, 2019, 44(25): 12802-12817.
[15]	ZHAO Xingwang, XU Liangfei, FANG Chuan, et al. Study on voltage clamping and self-humidiffcation effects of pem fuel cell system with dual recirculation based on orthogonal test method[J]. *Hydro Energ*, 2018, 43(33): 16268-16278.
[16]	Kim B J, Kim M S. Studies on the cathode humidiffcation by exhaust gas recirculation for PEM fuel cell[J]. *Hydro Energ*, 2012, 37(5): 4290-4299.
[17]	丁峰, 罗仁宏, 刘瑛, 等. 氢燃料电池汽车集成式热管理系统设计[J]. 小型内燃机与车辆技术, 2025, 54(2): 71-79.
	DING Feng, LUO Renhong, LIU Ying, et al. Design of integrated thermal management system for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles[J]. *Smal Inter Comb Engi Vehi Tech*, 2025, 54(2): 71-79. (in Chinese)
[18]	XU Liangfei, HU Zunyan, FANG Chuan, et al. Anode state observation of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell based on unscented Kalman filter and relative humidity sensor before flooding[J]. *Renew Energ, 2021, 168*(1): 1294-1307.

单体电池个数	5	歧管直径/ mm	5.3
阳极流道宽度/ mm	1.1	阴极流道宽度/ mm	1.1
阳极流道肋板宽/ mm	1.0	阴极流道肋板宽/ mm	0.9
阳极流道深度/ mm	0.4	阴极流道深度/ mm	1.2
阳极双极板厚度/ mm	1.5	阴极流道长度/ mm	50.0
阳极流道数量	3	阴极双极板厚度/ mm	2.3
阳极流道长度/ mm	0.44	气体扩散层厚度/ mm	0.26
电池活性面积/ c^m2	80.0	质子交换膜厚度/ μm	15.0

单体电池个数	5	歧管直径/ mm	5.3
阳极流道宽度/ mm	1.1	阴极流道宽度/ mm	1.1
阳极流道肋板宽/ mm	1.0	阴极流道肋板宽/ mm	0.9
阳极流道深度/ mm	0.4	阴极流道深度/ mm	1.2
阳极双极板厚度/ mm	1.5	阴极流道长度/ mm	50.0
阳极流道数量	3	阴极双极板厚度/ mm	2.3
阳极流道长度/ mm	0.44	气体扩散层厚度/ mm	0.26
电池活性面积/ c^m2	80.0	质子交换膜厚度/ μm	15.0

运行温度/ ℃	30
阳极电流密度/ (A·m^-2)	7.8
阳极电荷转换系数	1.1
阳极浓度指数	1.0
阳极Pt负载量/ (mg·cm^-2)	0.27
H₂O在阳极扩散系数/ (m²·s^-1)	4.0×10^-5
阴极电流密度/ (A·m^-2)	7.2×10^-4
阴极电荷转换系数	1.1
阴极浓度指数	1.0
阴极Pt负载量/ (mg·cm^-2)	0.53
H₂O在阴极扩散/ (m²·s^-1)	4.0×10^-5
膜导热系数/ (W·m^-1·k^-1)	0.16
H₂参考浓度/ (mol·m^-3)	0.89
H₂扩散系数/ (m²s^-1)	4.0×10^-5
O₂参考浓度/ (m²·s^-1)	0.89
O₂扩散系数/ (m²·s^-1)	4.0×1^0-5
扩散层孔隙率	0.7
催化剂孔隙率	0.5
催化层渗透率/ ^m2	1×10^-12
膜的当量质量/ (kg·mol^-1)	1.1
阳极流板导热系数/ (W·m^-1·k^-1)	100
阳极流板导电率/ (S·cm^-1)	1×10⁴
扩散层导热系数/ (W·m^-1·k^-1)	10
扩散层导电率/ (S·cm^-1)	2.8
催化层导热系数/ (W·m^-1·k^-1)	10
催化层导电率/ (S·cm^-1)	50

运行温度/ ℃	30
阳极电流密度/ (A·m^-2)	7.8
阳极电荷转换系数	1.1
阳极浓度指数	1.0
阳极Pt负载量/ (mg·cm^-2)	0.27
H₂O在阳极扩散系数/ (m²·s^-1)	4.0×10^-5
阴极电流密度/ (A·m^-2)	7.2×10^-4
阴极电荷转换系数	1.1
阴极浓度指数	1.0
阴极Pt负载量/ (mg·cm^-2)	0.53
H₂O在阴极扩散/ (m²·s^-1)	4.0×10^-5
膜导热系数/ (W·m^-1·k^-1)	0.16
H₂参考浓度/ (mol·m^-3)	0.89
H₂扩散系数/ (m²s^-1)	4.0×10^-5
O₂参考浓度/ (m²·s^-1)	0.89
O₂扩散系数/ (m²·s^-1)	4.0×1^0-5
扩散层孔隙率	0.7
催化剂孔隙率	0.5
催化层渗透率/ ^m2	1×10^-12
膜的当量质量/ (kg·mol^-1)	1.1
阳极流板导热系数/ (W·m^-1·k^-1)	100
阳极流板导电率/ (S·cm^-1)	1×10⁴
扩散层导热系数/ (W·m^-1·k^-1)	10
扩散层导电率/ (S·cm^-1)	2.8
催化层导热系数/ (W·m^-1·k^-1)	10
催化层导电率/ (S·cm^-1)	50