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汽车安全与节能学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (2): 149-169.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2026.02.001

• 综述与展望 •    下一篇

车用氢能质子交换膜燃料电池关键材料与技术现状和前景解析

刘杨1(), 官苏琳1, 秦子威2, 邵勤思1, 倪昀3, 赵玉峰1, 张久俊1,*()   

  1. 1 上海大学 理学院， 上海 200444， 中国
    2 上海大学 材料科学与工程学院， 上海 200444， 中国
    3 金华职业技术大学， 浙江金华 321000， 中国
  • 收稿日期:2026-03-01 修回日期:2026-03-14 出版日期:2026-04-30 发布日期:2026-04-30
  • 通讯作者: 张久俊，教授，中国工程院外籍院士。E-mail：jiujun.zhang@fzu.edu.cn。加拿大皇家科学院院士、加拿大工程院院士、加拿大工程研究院院士，国际电化学能源科学院（IAOEES）主席，中国内燃机学会常务理事兼燃料电池发动机分会主任委员。曾任加拿大联邦政府国家研究院首席科学家，现任上海大学理学院及可持续能源研究院院长、福州大学材料与工程学院院长及新能源材料与工程研究院院长。至今已发表学术论文1 000余篇、著作31本、书章47篇、学术专刊6期、工业研发技术报告90余篇，以及获批70余项国内外专利。论文被引用114 000多次（H-Index为149），有100余篇论文均被引用100次以上。主要研究领域为电化学能源存储和转换的科学基础研究和产业化的应用开发，包括燃料电池、高比能二次电池、超级电容器、CO2电化学还原和水电解等。
  • 作者简介:刘杨（1985—），男（汉），山东，副研究员。E-mail：yangliu8651@shu.edu.cn。
  • 基金资助:
    上海市促进产业高质量发展专项资金资助项目(GYQJ-2023-1-06)

Key materials, technology status, and prospect analysis of proton exchange membrane fuel cells for hydrogen-based electric vehicles

LIU Yang1(), GUAN Sulin1, QIN Ziwei2, SHAO Qinsi1, NI Yun3, ZHAO Yufeng1, ZHANG Jiujun1,*()   

  1. 1 College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
    2 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
    3 Jinhua University of Vocational Technology, Jinhua 321000, Zhejiang, China
  • Received:2026-03-01 Revised:2026-03-14 Online:2026-04-30 Published:2026-04-30
  • Contact: Prof. ZHANG Jiujun He is a Foreign Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, a Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering, a Fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada, and the President of the International Academy of Electrochemical Energy Science (IAOEES). He is also the Executive Director of the Chinese Society for Internal Combustion Engines and the Chairman of its Fuel Cell Engine Branch. He previously served as a Principal Research Scientist at the National Research Council Canada. Currently, he is the Dean of the College of Science and the Sustainable Energy Research Institute at Shanghai University, as well as the Dean of the College of Materials and Engineering and the Dean of the Research Institute of New Energy Materials and Engineering at Fuzhou University. To date, he has published more than 1 000 academic papers, authored/edited 31 books, 47 book chapters and 6 special issues, and contributed over 90 industrial R&D technical reports. He has also been granted more than 70 domestic and international patents. The published papers have been cited over 114 000 times (with an H-index of 149), and more than 100 papers have been cited more than 100 times. His main research areas cover fundamental scientific research and industrial application development in electrochemical energy storage and conversion, including fuel cells, high-energy secondary batteries, supercapacitors, electrochemical CO2 reduction, water electrolysis, and so on.

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摘要：

在“双碳”战略目标引领下，中国能源结构转型进入关键阶段，氢能作为清洁低碳且来源丰富的二次能源成为国家能源体系的重要组成部分。交通运输领域是实现碳减排的关键场景，氢燃料电池汽车（HFCV）凭借零排放、高效率、快加注等优势，被视为运输领域电动化转型的终极方案。该文综述了氢能燃料电池，主要是质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）的工作原理及核心部件（膜电极、催化剂、质子交换膜等）及性能，分析了商业化过程中燃料电池所面临的科学技术问题；对 Pt 催化剂降解、碳载体腐蚀对催化剂活性损失的影响进行了分析与梳理，讨论了提高催化剂活性与降低成本的发展趋势；总结了影响质子交换膜（PEM）耐久性的因素，提出了化学改性与物理强化等改善措施；探讨了工况下气体扩散层（GDL）的机械衰减与化学衰减对耐久性和寿命的影响，归纳了 GDL 的微观结构与水/热管理的优化策略。针对政策与市场环境，分析了中国与部分先进国家的氢能政策动向，阐述了中国“车-站-源”闭环与全链条集成 2 类商业模式的演化路径以及世界主要经济体国家氢能PEMFC与氢能的商业化发展进程。最后对中国氢能燃料电池汽车产业提出建议，指出突破关键材料的国产化“卡脖子”瓶颈，完善标准体系，构建“技术研发-中试验证-商业应用”全链条创新生态，是推动车用质子交换膜燃料电池产业高质量发展的核心任务。

关键词: 质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）, 膜电极, 催化剂, 气体扩散层（GDL）

Abstract:

Guided by the “dual carbon” strategic goals, China's energy structure transformation has entered a critical phase. Hydrogen, as a clean, low-carbon, and abundant secondary energy source, has become an integral part of the national energy system. Among them, the transportation sector is a key area for achieving carbon emissions reductions. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, with advantages such as zero emissions, high efficiency, and rapid refueling, are widely recognized as a technically viable and scalable solution for the electrification of transportation. This paper reviews hydrogen fuel cells, primarily focusing on the working principles and core components (membrane electrode assemblies, catalysts, proton exchange membranes, etc.) of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), as well as their performance. It also analyzes the scientific and technological challenges confronted with fuel cells during commercialization. The paper examines and summarizes the effects of Pt-based catalyst degradation and carbon support corrosion on catalyst activity loss, and discusses trends toward enhancing catalyst activity and reducing costs. It concludes the factors affecting the durability of proton exchange membranes (PEMs) and proposes improvement measures such as chemical modification and physical reinforcement. It also explores the impact of mechanical and chemical degradation of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) under operating conditions on durability and lifespan, and summarizes the optimization strategies for the microstructure of the GDL and water/thermal management. Regarding the policy and market environment, this paper analyzes hydrogen energy policy trends in China and some advanced nations, it also elaborates on the evolutionary paths of China's two business models: the “vehicle-station-source” closed-loop and full-chain integration, and it expounds the commercialization progress of major global economies. Finally, recommendations are proposed for China's hydrogen fuel cell vehicle industry, emphasizing that overcoming the “bottleneck” of domestic production for critical materials, improving the standards system, and establishing a full-chain innovation ecosystem encompassing “technology research and development-pilot testing-commercial application” are indispensability tasks for driving the high-quality development of the automotive PEMFC industry.

Key words: proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), membrane electrode assembly, catalyst, gas diffusion layer (GDL)

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