锂离子电池液冷板多热源拓扑优化设计研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2026.04.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对锂离子电池高倍率放电时中心区域积热导致温度不均的问题，为实现高效的积热抑制，该文提出一种耦合实际非均匀产热特性的多热源分区液冷板拓扑优化设计方法。基于变密度法，构建最小化平均温度与流体功耗的双目标模型；依次建立双热源、9区3级热源及15区5级热源3种分区模型，探究精细度对流道构型及散热性能的影响。结果表明：基于双热源分区生成的拓扑冷板，其综合性能显著优于传统预设构型；相较传统蛇形冷板，双热源构型的最高温度降低了0.6 K，温度标准差降低了16.67%，压降大幅下降69.4%。分区方案的精细度对散热性能有显著影响，随着分区精细度提升，优化算法能够自动生成中心加密、边缘疏放的仿生树状复合流道；最精细的15区5级模型温控表现最优，实现了流阻控制与局部靶向冷却的最优空间匹配。该研究为冷板的“热源感知”设计提供了新路径。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 液冷板, 拓扑优化, 多热源分区, 积热抑制

Abstract:

A multi-heat-source zoning topology optimization method for liquid cooling plates coupled with actual non-uniform heat generation characteristics was proposed to address the issue of uneven temperature caused by heat accumulation in the central region of lithium-ion batteries during high-rate discharge. A dual-objective model minimizing both average temperature and fluid power dissipation was constructed based on the density method. Subsequently, three zoning models (a dual-source model, a 9-zone 3-level model, and a 15-zone 5-level model) were sequentially established to investigate the effect of zoning refinement on channel configuration and heat dissipation performance. The results show that the topological cooling plate based on the dual-source zoning significantly outperforms traditional preset configurations. Compared with the traditional serpentine cooling plate, the dual-source model reduces the maximum temperature by 0.6 K, decreases the temperature standard deviation by 16.67%, and lowers the pressure drop by 69.4%. Furthermore, as the zoning refinement increases, the optimization automatically generates a bionic tree-like composite channel characterized by a dense center and sparse edges. Among them, the most refined 15-zone 5-level model achieves the optimal temperature control performance, realizing the best spatial matching between flow resistance control and local targeted cooling. This study provides a new approach for the “heat-source-aware” design of cooling plates.

Key words: lithium ion battery, liquid cooling plate, topology optimization, multi-heat source partition, heat accumulation inhibition

中图分类号:

U467.1+
4

李奇奇, 赵波宇, 邹铁方. 锂离子电池液冷板多热源拓扑优化设计研究[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2026, 17(4): 476-484.

LI Qiqi, ZHAO Boyu, ZOU Tiefang. Research on multi-heat source topology optimization design of lithium-ion battery liquid cooling plate[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2026, 17(4): 476-484.

图/表 15

图1 多热源拓扑优化方法流程

参数	密度，ρ (kg·m^-3)	比热容，C_p (J·kg^-1·K^-1)	导热系数，k (W·m^-1·K^-1)
电芯	2 235.55	863.74	k_x = k_y = 32，k_z = 1
正极耳	2 700	900	238
负极耳	8 960	385	400

表1 电池热物性参数

图2 电池3C放电倍率下的温度云图

图3 3种方案的设计域

图4 Top-A的网格无关性验证

图5 实验原理及实验平台

流速，v_in(m·s^-1)	T_avg / K
流速，v_in(m·s^-1)	TOP仿真	TOP实验	相对误差/ %
0.01	306.52	305.62	3.56
0.02	303.21	302.19	3.24
0.03	302.11	301.08	3.82
0.04	301.32	300.72	3.18

表2 TOP-A仿真与实验平均温度对比

图6 传统液冷板尺寸图

图7 电池3 C放电监测数据

图8 液冷板的速度矢量图

图9 拓扑优化迭代过程

图10 拓扑优化液冷板几何模型

图11 电池3 C放电监测数据

图12 电池温度云图

冷板模型	T_max / K	∆T / K	σ_T / K
TOP-A	298.51	0.882	0.347
TOP-B	298.42	0.681	0.265
TOP-C	298.28	0.480	0.221

表3 3种分区方案冷板性能指标对比

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