车用燃料电池电堆关键技术研究现状

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2022.01.001

汽车安全与节能学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 13 ›› Issue (1): 1-28.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2022.01.001

• 综述与展望 • 下一篇

车用燃料电池电堆关键技术研究现状

章俊良¹^,²^,^*(), 程明¹(), 罗夏爽¹, 李慧媛¹, 罗柳轩¹, 程晓静¹, 闫晓晖¹(), 沈水云¹^,²()

1.上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院,燃料电池研究所,上海 200240,中国
2.上海交通大学, 动力机械与工程教育部重点实验室,上海 200240,中国

收稿日期:2022-03-23 修回日期:2022-03-26 出版日期:2022-03-31 发布日期:2022-04-02
通讯作者: 章俊良,闫晓晖,沈水云
作者简介:*章俊良（1972—）,男（汉族）,江西,教授。E-mail：junliang.zhang@sjtu.edu.cn; 沈水云（1983—）,女（汉族）,山东,副教授。E-mail：shuiyun_shen@sjtu.edu.cn; 闫晓晖（1990—）,男（汉族）,山西,副教授。E-mail：yanxiaohui@sjtu.edu.cn。
章俊良（1972—），男（汉族），江西，教授。E-mail：junliang.zhang@sjtu.edu.cn。章俊良教授,博士，上海交通大学讲席教授、致远学院常务副院长、燃料电池研究所所长、国家特聘专家。在美国Brookhaven国家实验室、通用汽车公司、从事燃料电池研发10余年；在2011年来到上海交通大学燃料电池研究所工作。至今在《科学》等期刊发表论文150篇，他引1.3万余次;申请国内外专利70余项。撰写中英文专著2部。获2020上海市技术发明奖一等奖。担任Fuel Cells、物理化学学报、Frontiers in Energy编委。主持项目包括国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金、上海市创新行动计划等20余项。
Prof. Zhang Junliang, Ph. D, Zhiyuan Chair Professor, the Director of Institute of Fuel Cells, the Executive Dean of Zhiyuan College at Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU). He used to work on fuel cells at Brookhaven National Laboratory of US Department of Energy and General Motors Global Research & Development for more than 10 years. In 2011, he joined the Institute of Fuel Cells at SJTU. He has published over 150 peer-reviewed journal articles on top joumals like Science, which have been cited for more tha 13 000 times so far. He authored 2 books, and co-invented 70 plus patents. He won the First Prize of Shanghai Technology Invention Award in 2020. He serves on the editorial boards of Fuel Cells, Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, and Frontiers in Energy. He has presided over more than 20 projects, including the National Key Research and Development Program of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Program on Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, and so on.
程明（1994—），男（汉族），湖北，博士研究生。E-mail：charlie7978@sjtu.edu.cn。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2021YFB4001300);国家自然科学基金资助项目(21975157)

Current status of the research on key technologies of vehicle fuel cell stack

ZHANG Junliang¹^,²^,^*(), CHENG Ming¹(), LUO Xiashuang¹, LI Huiyuan¹, LUO Liuxuan¹, CHENG Xiaojing¹, YAN Xiaohui¹(), SHEN Shuiyun¹^,²()

1. Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
2. Key Laboratory of Power Machinery & Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Received:2022-03-23 Revised:2022-03-26 Online:2022-03-31 Published:2022-04-02
Contact: ZHANG Junliang,YAN Xiaohui,SHEN Shuiyun

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

“双碳”政策大大推动了氢能的发展,而燃料电池作为氢能利用的最佳方式,迎来了新一轮的研究与产业热潮,尤其是商业化较为成熟的车用质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）引发了众多关注。膜电极（MEA）和双极板（BPP）是PEMFC电堆的两大核心部件,决定了电堆的性能和成本。水热管理和低温启动技术对于电堆性能的实现和实际应用的推广也起到了至关重要的作用。本文全面深入地阐述了车用PEMFC膜电极、双极板、水热管理、低温启动等技术对电堆性能、寿命和成本的影响规律,进一步指出各项技术的发展趋势。除此之外,车用燃料电池的商业化应用短期将围绕公共交通以及重型商用车等大型车辆开展,而乘用车对电堆的功率密度和成本提出了更高的要求。

关键词: 质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）, 膜电极（MEA）, 双极板（BPP）, 水热管理, 低温启动技术, 电堆性能, 电堆成本, 功率密度

Abstract:

The proposed “Double Carbon” policy has brought a broad prospect to the development of hydrogen energy. Fuel cell, as the best way of hydrogen energy utilization, has been embracing a new round of prosperity in research field and industry, and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), which is maturely developed in commercial vehicles, has gained more attention. Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and bipolar plate (BPP) are two key components of PEMFC stacks, and they directly determine the cost and performance of the stacks. The technologies of water and thermal management and cold start also play vital roles for the realization of stack performance and the promotion of practical application. This article comprehensively illustrates the impact of various technologies above on the performance, lifespan and cost of stacks, and then points out their development trend. In addition, fuel cell vehicles will be applied as buses and heavy duty trucks in near future. And the application as passenger cars put forward higher requirements on power density and cost of stack.

Key words: proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), membrane electrode assembly (MEA), bipolar plate (BPP), water and thermal management, cold start, stack performance, stack cost, power density

中图分类号:

U473.4

章俊良, 程明, 罗夏爽, 李慧媛, 罗柳轩, 程晓静, 闫晓晖, 沈水云. 车用燃料电池电堆关键技术研究现状[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2022, 13(1): 1-28.

ZHANG Junliang, CHENG Ming, LUO Xiashuang, LI Huiyuan, LUO Liuxuan, CHENG Xiaojing, YAN Xiaohui, SHEN Shuiyun. Current status of the research on key technologies of vehicle fuel cell stack[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2022, 13(1): 1-28.

图/表 19

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厂商	国鸿氢能	新源动力	神力科技	Ballard	Toyota	DOE2025目标
代表型号	鸿芯GI	HYMOD-150	SFC-B9P	FCgen-HPS	Mirai2	?
发布年份	2020	2021	2021	2020	2020	?
电堆类型	柔性石墨	金属	模压石墨	柔性石墨	金属	?
电堆功率 / kW	84	150	150	140	128	?
质量功率密度 / (kW∙kg^-1)	2.4	?	?	4.7	5.4	2.7
体积功率密度 / (kW·L^-1)	3.8	4.5	4.0	4.3	5.4	?
能量效率 / %	?	?	?	52	?	65
无辅助冷启动温度 / ℃	?30	?	?35	?28	?30	?30
Pt载量 / (g∙kW^-1)	<0.25	?	?	?	0.11	0.1
寿命 / h	> 20 000	10 000	> 15 000	> 20 000	> 5 000	8 000
成本	1 199 CNY/kW	?	?	?	< 200 USD/kW	17.5 USD/kW
产能 / (kW∙a^-1)	0.5 M	?	?	?	1.28 M	40 M

厂商	国鸿氢能	新源动力	神力科技	Ballard	Toyota	DOE2025目标
代表型号	鸿芯GI	HYMOD-150	SFC-B9P	FCgen-HPS	Mirai2	?
发布年份	2020	2021	2021	2020	2020	?
电堆类型	柔性石墨	金属	模压石墨	柔性石墨	金属	?
电堆功率 / kW	84	150	150	140	128	?
质量功率密度 / (kW∙kg^-1)	2.4	?	?	4.7	5.4	2.7
体积功率密度 / (kW·L^-1)	3.8	4.5	4.0	4.3	5.4	?
能量效率 / %	?	?	?	52	?	65
无辅助冷启动温度 / ℃	?30	?	?35	?28	?30	?30
Pt载量 / (g∙kW^-1)	<0.25	?	?	?	0.11	0.1
寿命 / h	> 20 000	10 000	> 15 000	> 20 000	> 5 000	8 000
成本	1 199 CNY/kW	?	?	?	< 200 USD/kW	17.5 USD/kW
产能 / (kW∙a^-1)	0.5 M	?	?	?	1.28 M	40 M

厂商	东岳未来	科润新材料	Chemours	DOE2025目标
代表型号	DF260	N-3010	NC700	?
发布年份	2017	?	2019	?
厚度 / μm	15	10	15	?
电导率 / (mS∙cm^-1)	60 (80 ℃, 50% RH)	95 (80 ℃, 90% RH)	?	?
面比电阻	?	?	< 20 mΩ∙cm²	20 mΩ∙cm²
模量/ MPa	350 (TD), 350 (MD)	400 (TD), 480 (MD)	421 (TD), 446 (MD)	?
拉伸强度 / MPa	14 (TD), 15 (MD)	38 (TD), 45 (MD)	45 (TD), 45 (MD)	?
断裂伸长率 / %	120 (TD), 100 (MD)	150 (TD), 175 (MD)	61 (TD), 105 (MD)	?
溶胀率 / %	2 (TD), 5 (MD)	4 (TD), 5 (MD)	4 (TD), 4 (MD)	?
最高温度	?	?	?	120 ℃
渗氢电流	11 mA/cm²	< 2 mA/cm²	?	2 mA/cm²
干-湿机械耐久性	22 000 次循环	?	?	20 000 次循环
OCV化学耐久性	600 h	?	?	500 h
验证寿命	6 000 h	?	?	?
成本	?	?	?	17.5 USD/m²
产能 / （10⁴m²·a^-1）	150	100	?	?

厂商	东岳未来	科润新材料	Chemours	DOE2025目标
代表型号	DF260	N-3010	NC700	?
发布年份	2017	?	2019	?
厚度 / μm	15	10	15	?
电导率 / (mS∙cm^-1)	60 (80 ℃, 50% RH)	95 (80 ℃, 90% RH)	?	?
面比电阻	?	?	< 20 mΩ∙cm²	20 mΩ∙cm²
模量/ MPa	350 (TD), 350 (MD)	400 (TD), 480 (MD)	421 (TD), 446 (MD)	?
拉伸强度 / MPa	14 (TD), 15 (MD)	38 (TD), 45 (MD)	45 (TD), 45 (MD)	?
断裂伸长率 / %	120 (TD), 100 (MD)	150 (TD), 175 (MD)	61 (TD), 105 (MD)	?
溶胀率 / %	2 (TD), 5 (MD)	4 (TD), 5 (MD)	4 (TD), 4 (MD)	?
最高温度	?	?	?	120 ℃
渗氢电流	11 mA/cm²	< 2 mA/cm²	?	2 mA/cm²
干-湿机械耐久性	22 000 次循环	?	?	20 000 次循环
OCV化学耐久性	600 h	?	?	500 h
验证寿命	6 000 h	?	?	?
成本	?	?	?	17.5 USD/m²
产能 / （10⁴m²·a^-1）	150	100	?	?

厂商	上海弘枫	喜马拉雅	上海治臻	DOE2025目标
极板类型	超薄石墨	石墨复合模压	SS316L/Ti合金	?
板材重量 / (kg∙kW^-1)	?	?	?	0.18
渗氢系数 (@80 ℃ 3 atm 100% RH) / [cm³∙(s∙cm²∙Pa)^-1]	?	?	?	< 1.3×10^-14
厚度/ mm	1.4	0.3 (最小处)	1.1	?
电导率/ (S∙cm^-1)	> 800	> 625	?	> 100
热导率/ [W∙(m∙K)^-1]	?	?	?	> 20
抗弯强度 / MPa	> 50	> 51	?	> 40
接触电阻 / (mΩ∙cm^-2)	< 6.5	?	2	< 10 (@1.4 MPa)
腐蚀电流 / (μA∙cm^-2)	?	?	< 0.5	< 1
成型伸长率 / %	?	?	?	40
验证寿 / h	?	> 10 000	> 5 000	?
成本	?	?	?	2 $/ kW
产能 / (10⁴片∙a^-1)	> 400	?	340	?

车用燃料电池电堆关键技术研究现状

Current status of the research on key technologies of vehicle fuel cell stack

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