Optimal operating characteristics for trans-critical CO2 heat pump of new energy vehicles under different control strategies

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2022.04.018

Abstract

Abstract:

For the transcritical CO₂ automotive heat pump system, the main factors affecting the optimal discharge pressure were investigated under different control strategies. The simulation model was established based on the GT-Suite simulation platform and calibrated with experimental data of heat production performance. A constant supply air temperature was used to constrain the heating capacity. The optimal discharge pressure was simulated numerically at different ambient temperatures, different supply air temperatures and different air volumes, and then compared with the constant speed control mode. The results show that there is no optimal discharge pressure in the constant speed control mode; the optimal discharge pressure increases with increasing indoor air volume, increasing ambient temperature and increasing outlet air temperature in the constant supply air control mode. The air supply temperature affects the optimal discharge pressure variation by 13.09%; the ambient temperature affects the optimal discharge pressure variation by 9.64%; the air volume affects the optimal discharge pressure variation by 5.95%. The optimal discharge pressure correlation formula is proposed based on the simulation data.

Key words: electric vehicles, CO₂ heat pump, operating characteristics, optimal discharge pressure, simulation model

CLC Number:

U469.72

JIA Fan, WANG Anci, YIN Xiang, CAO Feng, LIU Hecheng. Optimal operating characteristics for trans-critical CO₂ heat pump of new energy vehicles under different control strategies[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2022, 13(4): 770-777.

Figures/Tables 12

References 23

[1]	Higuchi Y, Kobayashi H, Shan Z, et al. Efficient heat pump system for PHEV/BEV[C/OL]// WCX 17: SAE World Congress Experience. 2017, Paper Number 010188. (2017-01-01), https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2017-01-0188/.
[2]	ZHANG Ziqi, WANG Dandong, ZHANG Chenquan, et al. Electric vehicle range extension strategies based on improved AC system in cold climate: a review[J]. *Int’l J Refrige*, 2018, 88: 141-150.
[3]	YU Binbin, YANG Jingye, WANG Dandong, et al. Energy consumption and increased EV range evaluation through heat pump scenarios and low GWP refrigerants in the new test procedure WLTP[J]. *Int’l J Refrige, 2019, 100*: 284-294.
[4]	汪琳琳, 焦鹏飞, 王伟, 等. 新能源电动汽车低温热泵型空调系统研究[J]. 汽车工程, 2020, 42(12): 1744-1750+1757. doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2020.12.018
	WANG Linlin, JIAO Pengfei, WANG Wei, et al. Research on low temperature heat pump air conditioning system in new energy electric vehicle[J]. *Auto Engi*, 2020, 42(12): 1744-1750+1757. (in Chinese)
[5]	Varotsos C A, Efstathiou M N, Christodoulakis J. The lesson learned from the unprecedented ozone hole in the Arctic in 2020: A novel nowcasting tool for such extreme events[J]. *J Atmosph Solar-Terrestrial Phys, 2020, 207*: Paper Number 105330.
[6]	Kumar A, Yadav J, Mohan R. Global warming leading to alarming recession of the Arctic Sea-ice cover: insights from remote sensing observations and model reanalysis[J]. *Heliyon*, 2020, 6(7): Paper Number e04355.
[7]	LI Peihua, CHEN JJJ, Norris S. Review of flow condensation of CO₂ as a refrigerant[J]. *Int’l J Refrige*, 2016, 72: 53-73.
[8]	DONG Junqi, WANG Yibiao, JIA Shiwei, et al. Experimental study of R744 heat pump system for electric vehicle application[J]. *Appl Therm Engi, 2021, 183*(1): Paper Number 116191.
[9]	马飙, 冀兆良. 二氧化碳制冷剂的应用研究现状及发展前景[J]. 制冷, 2012, 31(3): 36-43.
	MA Biao, JI Zhaoliang. The recent research and future application of refrigerant CO₂[J]. *Refrige*, 2012, 31(3): 36-43. (in Chinese)
[10]	Kauf F. Determination of the optimum high pressure for transcritical CO₂ refrigeration cycles[J]. *Int’l J Therm*, 1999, 38: 325-330.
[11]	Jakobsen A. A correlation of optimal heat rejection pressures in transcritical carbon dioxide cycles[J]. *Appl Therm Engi*, 2000, 20: 831-841.
[12]	KIM Mo Se, KANG Dae Hoon, KIM Min Soo, et al. Investigation on the optimal control of gas cooler pressure for a CO₂ refrigeration system with an internal heat exchanger[J]. *Int’l J Refrige*, 2017, 77: 48-59.
[13]	Sarkar J, Bhattacharyya S, Gopal M R. Optimization of a transcritical CO₂ heat pump cycle for simultaneous cooling and heating applications[J]. *Int’l J Refrige*, 2004, 27: 830-838.
[14]	Aprea C, Angelo M. Heat rejection pressure optimization for a carbon dioxide split system: An experimental study[J]. *Appl Energy*. 2009, 86: 2373-2380.
[15]	SONG Yulong, YE Zuliang, WANG Yikai, et al. The experimental verification on the optimal discharge pressure in a subcooler-based transcritical CO₂ system for space heating[J]. *Energy and Building, 2018, 158*: 1442-1449.
[16]	SHAO Liangliang, ZHANG Ziyang, ZHANG Chunlu. Constrained optimal high pressure equation of CO₂ transcritical cycle[J]. *Appl Therm Engi, 2018, 128*: 173-178.
[17]	WANG Yufeng, WANG Dandong, YU Binbin, et al. Experimental and numerical investigation of a CO₂ heat pump system for electrical vehicle with series gas cooler configuration[J]. *Int’l J Refrige, 2019, 100*: 156-166.
[18]	QIN Xiang, LIU Huadong, MENG Xiangrui, et al. A study on the compressor frequency and optimal discharge pressure of the transcritical CO₂ heat pump system[J]. *Int’l J Refrige*, 2019, 99: 101-113.
[19]	QIN Xiang, ZHANG Fan, ZHANG Dongwei, et al. Experimental and theoretical analysis of the optimal high pressure and peak performance coefficient in transcritical CO₂ heat pump[J]. *Applied Thermal Engineering. 2022, 210*: Paper Number 118372.
[20]	MA Shengyuan, LIU Wei, DONG Jiankai, et al. Indoor thermal environment in a rural dwelling heated by air-source heat pump air-conditioner[J]. *Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments*, 2022, 51: Paper Number 101948.
[21]	CHEN Haofu, FENG Zhuangbo, CAO Shijie. Quantitative investigations on setting parameters of air conditioning (air-supply speed and temperature) in ventilated cooling rooms[J]. *Indoor Built Envir*, 2021, 30(1): 99-113.
[22]	Shah M M. Chart Correlation for Saturated Boiling Heat Transfer: Equations and Further Study, ASHRAE Transactions, 1982, 88(1): 185-196.
[23]	Dittus F W, Boelter L M K. Heat transfer in automobile radiators of the tubular type[J]. *Int’l Comm Heat Mass Transfer*, 1985, 12(1): 3-22.

部件名称	部件几何参数
压缩机	6.8 mL
辅助换热器	156 mm×142 mm×32 mm
气体冷却器	218 mm×200 mm×38 mm
蒸发器	600 mm×300 mm×20 mm
气液分离器	0.5 L

部件名称	部件几何参数
压缩机	6.8 mL
辅助换热器	156 mm×142 mm×32 mm
气体冷却器	218 mm×200 mm×38 mm
蒸发器	600 mm×300 mm×20 mm
气液分离器	0.5 L

位置	θ_am / ℃	RH / %	q_V / (m³·h^-1)	p_out / MPa
室外侧	-10~10	50	2 500	7.6~10
室内侧	42~50	50	240~420	7.6~10

位置	θ_am / ℃	RH / %	q_V / (m³·h^-1)	p_out / MPa
室外侧	-10~10	50	2 500	7.6~10
室内侧	42~50	50	240~420	7.6~10

Optimal operating characteristics for trans-critical CO₂ heat pump of new energy vehicles under different control strategies

RichHTML

PDF

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 12

References 23

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

Journal information

Online journal

Author center

Review center

Contact us

[1]	LI Minqing, FENG Jian, HAN Zhiyu. Performance comparation of the series type and the range-extender type of the hybrid light commercial vehicles [J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2022, 13(3): 550-559.
[2]	SHAO Jincai, HE Zhiyuan, WANG Zihui. Fault-tolerant control of speed sensors for direct drive in-wheel electric vehicles [J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2022, 13(1): 78-85.
[3]	LI Yaohua, HE Jie, FAN Jikang. Control strategy of electric power steering for commercial vehicle based on Multi-MAP [J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2022, 13(1): 86-94.
[4]	GAO Suofen, HAO Han. Research on user acceptance of battery swapping technology: The case of electric taxis in Beijing [J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2022, 13(1): 176-185.
[5]	ZHANG Rui, YAO Enjian, ZHANG Yongsheng. Multi-modal dynamic traffic assignment model with the addition of electric vehicles [J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2021, 12(4): 540-550.
[6]	YIN Yanli, MA Yongjuan, ZHOU Yawei, WANG Ruixin, ZHAN Sen, MA Shenpeng, HUANG Xuejiang, ZHANG Xinxin. Model predictive control of super-mild hybrid electric vehicle based on Markov chain and Q-Learning [J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2021, 12(4): 557-569.
[7]	LI Jialin, AO Di, WANG Yang, XIONG Rui. Model reference adaptive stability control for independent driving electric vehicle [J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2021, 12(3): 355-363.
[8]	DONG Zhenpeng, ZU Bingfeng, ZHOU Jianwei, XU Jiachen. Braking strategy and simulation of electric vehicle based on traffic information [J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2021, 12(1): 35-42.
[9]	TONG Shengwen, CHEN Tao, XIE hui. Energy management strategy of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle based on system comprehensive efficiency optimization [J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2021, 12(1): 91-99.
[10]	MU Daobin, XIE Huilin, WU Borong. Research and development of solid electrolytes for lithium ion batteries [J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2020, 11(4): 415-427.
[11]	NIU Yazhuo, NIE Guole, YANG Jianjun, LIU Shuangxi, BAI Bateer. Energy saving control strategy of PHEV based on multi-condition analysis [J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2020, 11(4): 546-552.
[12]	DENG Tao, LUO Yuanping. Construction of hybrid electric vehicle A-ECMS based on cloud model recognitionof driving intention [J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2020, 11(3): 305-313.
[13]	ZHOU Xuan, ZHOU Ping, ZHENG Yuejiu, HAN Xuebing, CHU Zhengyu, LIU Jinhai, YANG Yinghua, XUE Gang. Strategy of fast charging of lithium-ion batteries without lithium plating in a wide temperature range [J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2020, 11(3): 397-405.
[14]	CHEN Zhijun， YUAN Qiang， ZHAO Yuhan. Control algorithm with differential prior PID for variable valve timing of engines [J]. Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy, 2019, 10(4): 518-524.
[15]	WANG Xueping, LIU Zhichao* LU Chun, et al. National standards analysis and energy saving on gear shift indicator for 48-V vehicles [J]. Journal Of Automotive Safety And Energy, 2019, 10(1): 88-94.