Current status of the research on key technologies of vehicle fuel cell stack

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2022.01.001

Abstract

Abstract:

The proposed “Double Carbon” policy has brought a broad prospect to the development of hydrogen energy. Fuel cell, as the best way of hydrogen energy utilization, has been embracing a new round of prosperity in research field and industry, and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), which is maturely developed in commercial vehicles, has gained more attention. Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and bipolar plate (BPP) are two key components of PEMFC stacks, and they directly determine the cost and performance of the stacks. The technologies of water and thermal management and cold start also play vital roles for the realization of stack performance and the promotion of practical application. This article comprehensively illustrates the impact of various technologies above on the performance, lifespan and cost of stacks, and then points out their development trend. In addition, fuel cell vehicles will be applied as buses and heavy duty trucks in near future. And the application as passenger cars put forward higher requirements on power density and cost of stack.

Key words: proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), membrane electrode assembly (MEA), bipolar plate (BPP), water and thermal management, cold start, stack performance, stack cost, power density

CLC Number:

U473.4

ZHANG Junliang, CHENG Ming, LUO Xiashuang, LI Huiyuan, LUO Liuxuan, CHENG Xiaojing, YAN Xiaohui, SHEN Shuiyun. Current status of the research on key technologies of vehicle fuel cell stack[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2022, 13(1): 1-28.

Figures/Tables 19

References 200

[1]	中国氢能联盟. 中国氢能源及燃料电池产业白皮书[R]. 北京: 人民日报出版社, 2020.
	China Hydrogen Alliance. White paper of hydrogen energy and fuel cell industry in China [R]. Beijing: People’s Daily Press, 2020. (in Chinese)
[2]	Energy Transitions Commission. Making the hydrogen economy possible: Accelerating clean hydrogen in an electrified economy (version 1.0) [R]. [2021-04-29], https://www.energy-transitions.org/publications/making-clean-hydrogen-possible/#download-form,2021.
[3]	YU Hongkuan, YIN Jiewei, WANG Chao, et al. Energy consumption, emission and economy analysis of fuel cell vehicle in China[C]// IOP conference series: Earth and environmental science. Bristol, IOP Publishing , 2021,687(1):012191.
[4]	Pachauri R K, Chauhan Y K. A study, analysis and power management schemes for fuel cells[J]. Renew Sustain Energ Rev , 2015,43:1301-1319.
[5]	O’hayre R, Cha S W, Colella W, et al. Fuel Cell Fundamentals[M]. New Jersey, Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons , 2016: 1-580.
[6]	WANG Yun Diaz D F R Chen K S, et al. Materials, technological status, and fundamentals of PEM fuel cells: A review[J]. Mater Today, 2020,32:178-203.
[7]	ZHANG Junliang, SHEN Shuiyun. Low Platinum Fuel Cell Technologies[M]. Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer , 2021: 1-223.
[8]	International Energy Agency. Energy technology perspectives [R]. [2021-11-24], https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2020, 2020.
[9]	中华人民共和国中央人民政府. 财建〔2020〕394号. 关于开展燃料电池汽车示范应用的通知. 2020.
	The State Council the People’s Republic of China. Financial construction〔2020〕No. 394. Notice on demonstration application of fuel cell vehicles. 2020. (in Chinese)
[10]	中华人民共和国中央人民政府. 国发〔2021〕23号. 国务院关于印发2030年前碳达峰行动方案的通知. 2021.
	The State Council the People’s Republic of China. State council issued〔2021〕No.23. Notice of the state council on printing and distributing the action plan for carbon peak before 2030. (in Chinese)
[11]	JIAO Kui, XUAN Jin, DU Qing, et al. Designing the next generation of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. Nature, 2021,595(7867):361-369.
[12]	Cano Z P, Banham D, YE Siyu, et al. Batteries and fuel cells for emerging electric vehicle markets[J]. Nature Energy, 2018,3(4):279-289.
[13]	WANG Junye, WANG Hualin, FAN Yi. Techno-economic challenges of fuel cell commercialization[J]. Engineering, 2018,4(3):352-360.
[14]	FAN Jiantao, CHEN Ming, ZHAO Zhiliang, et al. Bridging the gap between highly active oxygen reduction reaction catalysts and effective catalyst layers for proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. Nature Energy, 2021,6(5):475-486.
[15]	Nørskov J K, Rossmeisl J, Logadottir A, et al. Origin of the overpotential for oxygen reduction at a fuel-cell cathode[J]. J Phys Chem B, 2004,108(46):17886-17892.
[16]	Greeley J, Rossmeisl J, Hellmann A, et al. Theoretical trends in particle size effects for the oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, 2007,221(9-10):1209-1220.
[17]	Rossmeisl J, Logadottir A, Nørskov J K. Electrolysis of water on (oxidized) metal surfaces[J]. Chem Phys, 2005,319(1-3):178-184.
[18]	Kulkarni A, Siahrostami S, Patel A, et al. Understanding catalytic activity trends in the oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Chem Rev, 2018,118(5):2302-2312.
[19]	WANG Guoxiu, YANG Linping, WANG Jiazhao, et al. Enhancement of ionic conductivity of PEO based polymer electrolyte by the addition of nanosize ceramic powders[J]. J Nanosci Nanotech, 2005,5(7):1135-1140.
[20]	Vej-Hansen U G, Rossmeisl J, Stephens I E L, et al. Correlation between diffusion barriers and alloying energy in binary alloys[J]. Phys Chem Chem Phys , 2016,18(4):3302-3307.
[21]	Hoster H E, Alves O B Koper M T M, Tuning adsorption via strain and vertical ligand effects[J]. Chem Phys Chem , 2010,11(7):1518-1524.
[22]	Kitchin J R, Nørskov J K, Barteau M A, et al. Modification of the surface electronic and chemical properties of Pt (111) by subsurface 3d transition metals[J]. J Chem Phys , 2004,120(21):10240-10246.
[23]	Calle-Vallejo F, Pohl M D, Reinisch D, et al. Why conclusions from platinum model surfaces do not necessarily lead to enhanced nanoparticle catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Chem Sci , 2017,8(3):2283-2289.
[24]	LI Yunrui, WANG Yao, LI Shuna, et al. Pt3Mn alloy nanostructure with high-index facets by Sn doping modified for highly catalytic active electro-oxidation reactions[J]. J Catalysis , 2021,395:282-292.
[25]	TIAN Xinlong, ZHAO Xiao, SU Yaqiong, et al. Engineering bunched Pt-Ni alloy nanocages for efficient oxygen reduction in practical fuel cells[J]. Science , 2019,366(6467):850-856.
[26]	Nair A S, Pathak B. Computational screening for ORR activity of 3d transition metal based m@Pt core-shell clusters[J]. J Phys Chem C , 2019,123(6):3634-3644.
[27]	Guedes-Sobrinho D, Nomiyama R K, Chaves A S, et al. Structure, electronic, and magnetic properties of binary pt n tm55-n (tm= fe, co, ni, cu, zn) nanoclusters: A density functional theory investigation[J]. J Phys Chem C, 2015,119(27):15669-15679.
[28]	Schöttle C, Doronkin D E, Popescu R, et al. Ti 0 nanoparticles via lithium-naphthalenide-driven reduction[J]. Chem Commun , 2016,52(37):6316-6319.
[29]	CUI Zhiming, CHEN Hao, ZHAO Mengtian, et al. Synjournal of structurally ordered Pt3Ti and Pt3V nanoparticles as methanol oxidation catalysts[J]. J Am Chem Soc , 2014,136(29):10206-10209.
[30]	DING Errun, More K L, HE Ting. Preparation and characterization of carbon-supported PtTi alloy electrocatalysts[J]. J Power Sources , 2008,175(2):794-799.
[31]	Oezaslan M, Strasser P. Activity of dealloyed PtCo3 and PtCu3 nanoparticle electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell[J]. J Power Sources , 2011,196(12):5240-5249.
[32]	CUI Chunhua, GAN Lin, LI Huihui, et al. Octahedral PtNi nanoparticle catalysts: exceptional oxygen reduction activity by tuning the alloy particle surface composition[J]. Nano Lett , 2012,12(11):5885-5889.
[33]	LUO Liuxuan, WEI Guanghua, SHEN Shuiyun, et al. Facile Synjournal of Pt-Cu alloy nanodendrites as high-performance electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. J Electrochem , 2018,24(6):733-739.
[34]	ZHANG Jun, YANG Hongzhou, FANG Jiye, et al. Synjournal and oxygen reduction activity of shape-controlled Pt3Ni nanopolyhedra[J]. Nano Lett , 2010,10(2):638-644.
[35]	HUANG Xiaoqing, ZHAO Zipeng, CAO Liang, et al. High-performance transition metal-doped Pt₃Ni octahedra for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Science , 2015,348(6240):1230-1234.
[36]	Hernandez-Fernandez P, Masini F McCarthy D N, et al. Mass-selected nanoparticles of Pt x Y as model catalysts for oxygen electroreduction[J]. Nature Chem , 2014,6(8):732-738.
[37]	Velázquez-Palenzuela A, Masini F, Pedersen A F, et al. The enhanced activity of mass-selected Pt x Gd nanoparticles for oxygen electroreduction[J]. J Catalysis , 2015,328:297-307.
[38]	Greeley J Stephens I E L Bondarenko A S, et al. Alloys of platinum and early transition metals as oxygen reduction electrocatalysts[J]. Nature Chem , 2009,1(7):552-556.
[39]	Vej-Hansen U G, Escudero-Escribano M, Velázquez-Palenzuela A, et al. New platinum alloy catalysts for oxygen electroreduction based on alkaline earth metals[J]. Electrocatalysis , 2017,8(6):594-604.
[40]	LIU Xiangnan, HAO Shaoyun, ZHENG Guokai, et al. Ultrasmall Pt₂Sr alloy nanoparticles as efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution in acidic media[J]. J Energ Chem , 2022,64:315-322.
[41]	Tetteh E B, Lee H Y, Shin C H, et al. New PtMg alloy with durable electrocatalytic performance for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J]. ACS Energ Lett , 2020,5(5):1601-1609.
[42]	GAN Lin, Heggen M, CUI Chunhua, et al. Thermal facet healing of concave octahedral Pt-Ni nanoparticles imaged in situ at the atomic scale: implications for the rational synjournal of durable high-performance ORR electrocatalysts[J]. ACS Catalysis , 2016,6(2):692-695.
[43]	Beermann V, Gocyla M Kühl S, et al. Tuning the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction activity and stability of shape-controlled Pt-Ni nanoparticles by thermal annealing-elucidating the surface atomic structural and compositional changes[J]. J Am Chem Soc , 2017,139(46):16536-16547.
[44]	Gocyla M, Kuehl S, Shviro M, et al. Shape stability of octahedral PtNi nanocatalysts for electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction studied by in situ transmission electron microscopy[J]. ACS Nano , 2018,12(6):5306-5311.
[45]	LUO Xiashuang, GUO Yangge, ZHOU Hongru, et al. Thermal annealing synjournal of double-shell truncated octahedral Pt-Ni alloys for oxygen reduction reaction of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells[J]. Front Energ , 2020,14(4):767-777.
[46]	CUI Zhiming, CHEN Hao, ZHOU Weidong, et al. Structurally ordered Pt₃Cr as oxygen reduction electrocatalyst: ordering control and origin of enhanced stability[J]. Chem Mater , 2015,27(21):7538-7545.
[47]	Ryoo R, Kim J, Jo C, et al. Rare-earth-platinum alloy nanoparticles in mesoporous zeolite for catalysis[J]. Nature , 2020,585(7824):221-224.
[48]	LI Junrui, Sharma S, LIU Xiaoming, et al. Hard-magnet L10-CoPt nanoparticles advance fuel cell catalysis[J]. Joule , 2019,3(1):124-135.
[49]	ZHAO Xueru, CHENG Hao, SONG Liang, et al. Rhombohedral ordered intermetallic nanocatalyst boosts the oxygen reduction reaction[J]. ACS Catalysis , 2020,11(1):184-192.
[50]	ZHU Jing, YANG Yao, CHEN Lingxuan, et al. Copper-induced formation of structurally ordered Pt-Fe-Cu ternary intermetallic electrocatalysts with tunable phase structure and improved stability[J]. Chem Mater , 2018,30(17):5987-5995.
[51]	WANG Weicong, LI Xiang, HE Tianou, et al. Engineering surface structure of Pt nanoshells on Pd nanocubes to preferentially expose active surfaces for ORR by manipulating the growth kinetics[J]. Nano Lett , 2019,19(3):1743-1748.
[52]	LUO Liuxuan, ZHU Fengjuan, TIAN Renxiu, et al. Composition-graded Pd x Ni1-x nanospheres With Pt Monolayer shells as high-performance electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. ACS Catalysis , 2017,7(8):5420-5430.
[53]	LUO Liuxuan, FU Cehuang, SHEN Shuiyun, et al. Probing structure-designed Cu-Pd nanospheres and their Pt-monolayer-shell derivatives as high-performance electrocatalysts for alkaline and acidic oxygen reduction reactions[J]. J Mater Chem A , 2020,8(42):22389-22400.
[54]	JIANG Fangling, ZHU Fengjuan, YANG Fan, et al. Comparative investigation on the activity degradation mechanism of Pt/C and PtCo/C electrocatalysts in PEMFCs during the accelerate degradation process characterized by an in Situ X-ray absorption fine structure[J]. ACS Catalysis , 2020,10(1):604-612.
[55]	ZHENG Zhifeng, YANG Fan, LIN Chen, et al. Design of gradient cathode catalyst layer (CCL) structure for mitigating Pt degradation in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) using mathematical method[J]. J Power Sources , 2020,451(1):227729.
[56]	ZHENG Zhifeng, LUO Liuxuan, ZHU Fengjuan, et al. Degradation of core-shell Pt₃Co catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) studied by mathematical modeling[J]. Electrochimica Acta , 2019,323(10):134751.
[57]	LIU Jing, JIAO Menggai, MEI Bingbao, et al. Carbon-supported divacancy-anchored platinum single-atom electrocatalysts with superhigh Pt utilization for the oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Angewandte Chemie , 2019,131(4):1175-1179.
[58]	LIU Jing, Bak J, Roh J, et al. Reconstructing the coordination environment of platinum single-atom active sites for boosting oxygen reduction reaction[J]. ACS Catalysis , 2020,11(1):466-475.
[59]	CHONG Lina, WEN Jianguo, Kubal J, et al. Ultralow-loading platinum-cobalt fuel cell catalysts derived from imidazolate frameworks[J]. Science , 2018,362(6420):1276-1281.
[60]	FU Cehuang, LUO Liuxuan, YANG Lijun, et al. Breaking the scaling relationship of ORR on carbon-based single-atom catalysts through building a local collaborative structure[J]. Cataly Sci Tech , 2021,11(23):7764-7772.
[61]	FU Cehuang, LUO Liuxuan, YANG Lijun, et al. An In-depth theoretical exploration of influences of non-metal-elements doping on the ORR performance of Co- gN₄[J]. Chem Cataly Chem , 2021,13(9):2303-2310.
[62]	Mohanta P K, Ripa M S, Regnet F, et al. Impact of membrane types and catalyst layers composition on performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells[J]. Chem Open , 2020,9(5):607-615.
[63]	HUANG Henghui, NIA Liwen, XU Shaoyi, et al. Novel proton exchange membrane with long-range acid-base-pair proton transfer pathways based on functionalized polyethyleneimine[J]. ACS Sustain Chem Engineering , 2021,9(10):3963-3974.
[64]	Grot G W, Ford C. CF₂=CFCF₂CF₂SO₂F and derivatives and polymers thereof: US3718627 [P]. 1973
[65]	高工氢电. 2021年中国氢电产业发展蓝皮书(1.0版) [R]. [2021-12-07], https://www.gg-fc.com/art-41292.html, 2021. 2021.
	CGII. 2021 China hydrogen industry development blue book (ver1.0)[R]. https://www.gg-fc.com/art-41292.html, 2021. (in Chinese)
[66]	XU Yiming, CHANG Guofeng, ZHANG Jienan, et al. Investigation of inlet gas relative humidity on performance characteristics of PEMFC operating at elevated temperature[J]. World Electr Vehi J , 2021,12(3):110-120.
[67]	LIAO Peiyi, XU Shengnan, MING Pingwen, et al. The Effects of anode serpentine flow field structure and humidity on performance of PEMFCs[J]. ECS Trans , 2021,104(8):295-305.
[68]	Chen D, Kongkanand A, Jorne J. Proton conduction and oxygen diffusion in ultra-thin nafion films in PEM fuel cell: How thin?[J]. J Electrochem Soc , 2019,166(2):24.
[69]	Kim J, Yamasaki K, Ishimoto H, et al. Ultrathin electrolyte membranes with PFSA-vinylon intermediate layers for pem fuel cells[J]. Polymers , 2020,12(8):1730-1735.
[70]	WANG Min, MA Wenjia, YANG Congrong, et al. Study on fiber-reinforced proton exchange membrane using high-surface-energy substrate[J]. J Memb Sci , 2021: 119940.
[71]	HUANG Ziyi, LV Bo, ZHOU Li, et al. Ultra-thin h-BN doped high sulfonation sulfonated poly (ether-ether-ketone) of PTFE-reinforced membrane PEMFC[J]. J Memb Sci , 2021: 120099.
[72]	Prykhodko Y, Fatyeyeva K, Hespel L, et al. Progress in hybrid composite Nafion®-based membranes for proton exchange fuel cell application[J]. Chem Engi J , 2021,409:127329.
[73]	Taufiq Musa M, Shaari N, Kamarudin S K. Carbon nanotube, graphene oxide and montmorillonite as conductive fillers in polymer electrolyte membrane for fuel cell: an overview[J]. Int’l J Energ Res , 2021,45(2):1309-1346.
[74]	Vani R, Ramaprabhu S, Haridoss P. Mechanically stable and economically viable polyvinyl alcohol-based membranes with sulfonated carbon nanotubes for proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. Sustain Energ Fuel , 2020,4(3):1372-1382.
[75]	CHEN Hao, WANG Shuang, LIU Fengxiang, et al. Base-acid doped polybenzimidazole with high phosphoric acid retention for HT-PEMFC applications[J]. J Memb Sci , 2020,596:117722.
[76]	Okonkwo P C, Belgacem I B, Emori W, et al. Nafion degradation mechanisms in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system: A review[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ , 2021,46(3):27956-27973.
[77]	WANG Liang, Advani S G Prasad A K. Self-healing composite membrane for proton electrolyte membrane fuel cell applications[J]. J Electrochem Soc, 2016,163(10):1267-1271.
[78]	WANG Shixi. Analysis on self-healing properties of membrane [C]// J Phys: Conf Seri. Bristol,IOP Publishing, 2020,1676(1):012003.
[79]	HUO Youxiu, LI Qingbing, RUI Zhiyan, et al. A highly stable reinforced PEM assisted by resveratrol and polydopamine-treated PTFE[J]. J Memb Sci , 2021,635:119453.
[80]	CHEN Guiyin, ZHANG Guangsheng, GUO Liejin, et al. Systematic study on the functions and mechanisms of micro porous layer on water transport in proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ , 2016,41(9):5063-5073.
[81]	Ito H, Iwamura T, Someya S, et al. Effect of through-plane polytetrafluoroethylene distribution in gas diffusion layers on performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. J Power Sources , 2016,306:289-299.
[82]	LIN Rui, DIAO Xiaoyu, MA Tiancai, et al. Optimized microporous layer for improving polymer exchange membrane fuel cell performance using orthogonal test design[J]. Appl Energ , 2019,254:113714.
[83]	Park G G, Sohn Y J, Yim S D, et al. Influence of water behavior in the gas diffusion layer on the performance of PEMFC [C]// Int’l Conf Fuel Cell Sci, Engi Tech. New York, Rochester, 2004,41650:1-5.
[84]	Ismail M S, Damjanovic T, Ingham D B, et al. Effect of polytetrafluoroethylene-treatment and microporous layer-coating on the electrical conductivity of gas diffusion layers used in proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. J Power Sources , 2010,195(9):2700-2708.
[85]	Sadeghifar H, Djilali N, Bahrami M. Effect of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and micro porous layer (MPL) on thermal conductivity of fuel cell gas diffusion layers: Modeling and experiments[J]. J Power Sources , 2014,248:632-641.
[86]	Sadeghi E, Djilali N, Bahrami M. A novel approach to determine the in-plane thermal conductivity of gas diffusion layers in proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. J Power Sources , 2011,196(7):3565-3571.
[87]	Nagai Y, Eller J, Hatanaka T, et al. Improving water management in fuel cells through microporous layer modifications: Fast operando tomographic imaging of liquid water[J]. J Power Sources , 2019,435:226809.
[88]	WANG Guozhuo, Utaka Y, WANG Shixue. Effect of dual porous layers with patterned wettability on low-temperature start performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell[J]. Energies , 2020,13(14):3529.
[89]	WEI Jun, NING Fandi, BAI Chuang, et al. An ultra-thin, flexible, low-cost and scalable gas diffusion layer composed of carbon nanotubes for high-performance fuel cells[J]. J Mater Chem A , 2020,8(12):5986-5994.
[90]	WANG Min, Medina S, Ochoa-Lozano J, et al. Visualization, understanding, and mitigation of process-induced-membrane irregularities in gas diffusion electrode-based polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ , 2021,46(27):14699-14712.
[91]	SHU Qingzhu, XIA Zhangxun, WEI Wei, et al. A novel gas diffusion layer and its application to direct methanol fuel cells[J]. New Carbon Mater , 2021,36(2):409-419.
[92]	Lee T K, Jung J H, Kim J B, et al. Improved durability of Pt/CNT catalysts by the low temperature self-catalyzed reduction for the PEM fuel cells[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ , 2012,37(23):17992-18000.
[93]	Sun S, Jaouen F, Dodelet J P. Controlled growth of Pt nanowires on carbon nanospheres and their enhanced performance as electrocatalysts in PEM fuel cells[J]. Advan Mater , 2008,20(20):3900-3904.
[94]	WANG Zhengbang, TANG Haolin, PAN Mu. Self-assembly of durable Nafion/TiO₂ nanowire electrolyte membranes for elevated-temperature PEM fuel cells[J]. J Memb Sci , 2011,369(1-2):250-257.
[95]	CHEN Zhenjie, FU Tao, KONG Xiangbang, et al. A Novel Impregnation-reduction method combined with galvanic replacement for fabricating low cost MEA with high performance for PEM fuel cells[J]. J Electrochem Soc , 2021,168(3):034522.
[96]	Greszler T A, Caulk D, Sinha P. The impact of platinum loading on oxygen transport resistance[J]. J Electrochem Soc , 2012,159(12):F831.
[97]	Kongkanand A, Mathias M F. The priority and challenge of high-power performance of low-platinum proton-exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. J Phys Chem Lett , 2016,7(7):1127-1137.
[98]	Baker D R, Wieser C, Neyerlin K C, et al. The use of limiting current to determine transport resistance in PEM fuel cells[J]. Ecs Trans , 2006,3(1):989-999.
[99]	WANG Chao, CHENG Xiaojing, LU Jiabin, et al. The experimental measurement of local and bulk oxygen transport resistances in the catalyst layer of proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. J Phys Chem Lett , 2017,8(23):5848-5852.
[100]	CHENG Xiaojing, WANG Chao, WEI Guanghua, et al. Insight into the effect of pore-forming on oxygen transport behavior in ultra-low Pt PEMFCs[J]. J Electrochem Soc , 2019,166(14):F1055.
[101]	Nonoyama N, Okazaki S, Weber A Z, et al. Analysis of oxygen-transport diffusion resistance in proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells[J]. J Electrochem Soc , 2011,158(4):B416.
[102]	SHEN Shuiyun, CHENG Xiaojing, WANG Chao, et al. Exploration of significant influences of the operating conditions on the local O2 transport in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)[J]. Phys Chem Chem Phys , 2017,19(38):26221-26229.
[103]	Suzuki T, Kudo K, Morimoto Y. Model for investigation of oxygen transport limitation in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell[J]. J Power Sources , 2013,222:379-389.
[104]	Kudo K, Jinnouchi R, Morimoto Y. Humidity and temperature dependences of oxygen transport resistance of nafion thin film on platinum electrode[J]. Electrochimica Acta , 2016,209:682-690.
[105]	Jinnouchi R, Kudo K, Kitano N, et al. Molecular dynamics simulations on O₂ permeation through nafion ionomer on platinum surface[J]. Electrochimica Acta , 2016,188:767-776.
[106]	Cetinbas F C, Ahluwalia R K. Agglomerates in polymer electrolyte fuel cell electrodes: Part II. Transport characterization[J]. J Electrochem Soc , 2018,165(13):F1059.
[107]	Malek K, Mashio T, Eikerling M. Microstructure of catalyst layers in PEM fuel cells redefined: A computational approach[J]. Electrocatalysis , 2011,2(2):141-157.
[108]	WANG Chao, CHENG Xiaojing, YAN Xiaohui, et al. Respective influence of ionomer content on local and bulk oxygen transport resistance in the catalyst layer of PEMFCs with low Pt loading[J]. J Electrochem Soc , 2019,166(4):F239.
[109]	Katzenberg A, Chowdhury A, Fang M, et al. Highly permeable perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomers for improved electrochemical devices: insights into structure-property relationships[J]. J Am Chem Soc , 2020,142(8):3742-3752.
[110]	Ono Y, Ohma A, Shinohara K, et al. Influence of equivalent weight of ionomer on local oxygen transport resistance in cathode catalyst layers[J]. J Electrochem Soc , 2013,160(8):F779.
[111]	CHENG Xiaojing, WEI Guanghua, WANG Chao, et al. Experimental probing of effects of carbon support on bulk and local oxygen transport resistance in ultra-low Pt PEMFCs[J]. Int’l J Heat Mass Trans , 2021,164:120549.
[112]	Ott S, Orfanidi A, Schmies H, et al. Ionomer distribution control in porous carbon-supported catalyst layers for high-power and low Pt-loaded proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. Nature Mater , 2020,19(1):77-85.
[113]	XU Zhutian, QIU Diankai, YI Peiyun, et al. Towards mass applications: A review on the challenges and developments in metallic bipolar plates for PEMFC[J]. Prog Natu Sci: Mater Int’l , 2020,30(6):815-824.
[114]	Porstmann S, Wannemacher T, Drossel W G. A comprehensive comparison of state-of-the-art manufacturing methods for fuel cell bipolar plates including anticipated future industry trends[J]. J Manufact Proc , 2020,60:366-383.
[115]	SONG Yuxi, ZHANG Caizhi, LING Chunyu, et al. Review on current research of materials, fabrication and application for bipolar plate in proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ , 2020,45(54):29832-29847.
[116]	Jeong K I, Oh J, Song S A, et al. A review of composite bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cells: Electrical properties and gas permeability[J]. Composit Struct , 2021,262:113617.
[117]	Antunes R A De Oliveira M C L Ett G, et al. Carbon materials in composite bipolar plates for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: A review of the main challenges to improve electrical performance[J]. J Power Sources , 2011,196(6):2945-2961.
[118]	Phuangngamphan M, Okhawilai M, Hiziroglu S, et al. Development of highly conductive graphite-/graphene-filled polybenzoxazine composites for bipolar plates in fuel cells[J]. J Appl Poly Sci , 2019,136(11):47183.
[119]	Gautam R K, Kar K K. Synjournal and properties of highly conducting natural flake graphite/phenolic resin composite bipolar plates for PEM fuel cells[J]. Advan Composit Lett , 2016,25(4):096369351602500402.
[120]	JIANG Fengjing, LIAO Weineng, Ayukawa T, et al. Enhanced performance and durability of composite bipolar plate with surface modification of cactus-like carbon nanofibers[J]. J Power Sources , 2021,482:228903.
[121]	Onyu K, Yeetsorn R, Fowler M, et al. Evaluation of the possibility for using polypropylene/graphene composite as bipolar plate material instead of polypropylene/graphite composite[J]. Appl Sci Engi Prog , 2016,9(2):99-111.
[122]	Diaz J, Rigail-Cedeño A, Barzola-Monteses J, et al. A pre-feasibility experimental study of using surface-enhanced flake graphite to build up PEFC bipolar plates[J]. Energy Procedia , 2019,158:1502-1507.
[123]	Pandey A K, Singh K, Kar K K. Thermo-mechanical properties of graphite-reinforced high-density polyethylene composites and its structure-property corelationship[J]. J Composit Mater , 2017,51(12):1769-1782.
[124]	Witpathomwong S, Okhawilai M, Jubsilp C, et al. Highly filled graphite/graphene/carbon nanotube in polybenzoxazine composites for bipolar plate in PEMFC[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ , 2020,45(55):30898-30910.
[125]	Simaafrookhteh S, Khorshidian M, Momenifar M. Fabrication of multi-filler thermoset-based composite bipolar plates for PEMFCs applications: Molding defects and properties characterizations[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ , 2020,45(27):14119-14132.
[126]	Rigail-Cedeño A F, Espinoza-Andaluz M, Vera J, et al. Influence of different carbon materials on electrical properties of epoxy-based composite for bipolar plate applications[J]. Mater Today: Proceed , 2020,33:2003-2007.
[127]	Masand A, Borah M, Pathak A K, et al. Effect of filler content on the properties of expanded-graphite-based composite bipolar plates for application in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells[J]. Mater Res Expr , 2017,4(9):095604.
[128]	Adloo A, Sadeghi M, Masoomi M, et al. High performance polymeric bipolar plate based on polypropylene/ graphite/graphene/nano-carbon black composites for PEM fuel cells[J]. Renew Energ , 2016,99:867-874.
[129]	Park K S, Lee M H, Woo J S, et al. Fluorinated ethylene-propylene/graphite composites reinforced with silicon carbide for the bipolar plates of fuel cells[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ , 2021,47(6):4090-4099.
[130]	Alo O A, Otunniyi I O Pienaar H C Z, et al. Electrical and mechanical properties of polypropylene/epoxy blend-graphite/carbon black composite for proton exchange membrane fuel cell bipolar plate[J]. Mater Today: Proceed , 2021,38:658-662.
[131]	Alo O A, Otunniyi I O. Electrical conductivity of polyethylene/epoxy/graphite/carbon black composites: synergy of blend immiscibility and hybrid filler[J]. Poly-Plast Tech Mater , 2021,60(18):2075-2088.
[132]	HU Bin, CHANG Fulu, XIANG Linyi, et al. High performance polyvinylidene fluoride/graphite/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite bipolar plate for PEMFC with segregated conductive networks[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ , 2021,46(50):25666-25676.
[133]	Senis E C, Golosnoy I O, Andritsch T, et al. The influence of graphene oxide filler on the electrical and thermal properties of unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy laminates: Effect of out-of-plane alignment of the graphene oxide nanoparticles[J]. Poly Composit , 2020,41(9):3510-3520.
[134]	HAN Beibei, YAN Mengyuan, JU Dongying, et al. Chemical composition and corrosion behavior of aC: H/DLC film-coated titanium substrate in simulated PEMFC environment[J]. Coatings , 2021,11(7):820-835.
[135]	ZHANG Di, PENG Linfa, YI Peiyun, et al. Electronic transport and corrosion mechanisms of graphite-like nanocrystalline carbon films used on metallic bipolar plates in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces , 2021,13(3):3825-3835.
[136]	GAO Pingping, XIE Zhiyong, WU Xiaobo, et al. Development of Ti bipolar plates with carbon/PTFE/TiN composites coating for PEMFCs[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ , 2018,43(45):20947-20958.
[137]	HUANG Naibao, YU Hong, XU Lishuang, et al. Corrosion kinetics of 316L stainless steel bipolar plate with chromiumcarbide coating in simulated PEMFC cathodic environment[J]. Result Phys , 2016,6:730-736.
[138]	HOU Kun, YI Peiyun, LI Xiaobo, et al. The effect of Cr doped in amorphous carbon films on electrical conductivity: Characterization and mechanism[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ , 2021,46(60):30841-30852.
[139]	Khan M F, Adesina A Y, Gasem Z M. Electrochemical and electrical resistance behavior of cathodic arc PVD TiN, CrN, AlCrN, and AlTiN coatings in simulated proton exchange membrane fuel cell environment[J]. Mater Corros , 2019,70(2):281-292.
[140]	Lee W J, Yun E Y, Hong S W, et al. Ultrathin effective TiN protective films prepared by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition for high performance metallic bipolar plates of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells[J]. Appl Surf Sci , 2020,519:146215.
[141]	GOU Yong, CHEN Haiping, LI Ruiyu, et al. Nb-Cr-C coated titanium as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. J Power Sources , 2022,520:230797.
[142]	JIA Quanli, MU Z, ZHANG Xin, et al. Electronic conductive and corrosion mechanisms of dual nanostructure CuCr-doped hydrogenated carbon films for SS316L bipolar plates[J]. Mater Today Chem , 2021,21:100521.
[143]	JIN Jie, ZHENG Dacai, LIU Haojie. The corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of CrN/NiP multilayer coated mild steel as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ , 2017,42(48):28883-28897.
[144]	Mani S P, Kalaiarasan M, Ravichandran K, et al. Corrosion resistant and conductive TiN/TiAlN multilayer coating on 316L SS: a promising metallic bipolar plate for proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J]. J Mater Sci , 2021,56(17):10575-10596.
[145]	LIU Shaofeng, PAN Taijun, WANG Ruofan, et al. Anti-corrosion and conductivity of the electrodeposited graphene/polypyrrole composite coating for metallic bipolar plates[J]. Prog Orga Coat , 2019,136:105237.
[146]	CHEN Zhihao, ZHANG Guohui, YANG Wenzhong, et al. Superior conducting polypyrrole anti-corrosion coating containing functionalized carbon powders for 304 stainless steel bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. Chem Engi J , 2020,393:124675.
[147]	ZENG Yanwei, HE Zihao, HUA Qianhui, et al. Polyacrylonitrile Infused in a Modified Honeycomb Aluminum Alloy Bipolar Plate and Its Acid Corrosion Resistance[J]. ACS Omega , 2020,5(27):16976-16985.
[148]	Deyab M A, Mele G. Stainless steel bipolar plate coated with polyaniline/Zn-Porphyrin composites coatings for proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J]. Scientific Reports , 2020,10(1):1-8.
[149]	霍森. 金属泡沫燃料电池冷启动与结冰机理的理论与实验研究[D]. 天津: 天津大学, 2018.
	HUO Sen. Theoretical and experimental study on cold start and ice formation mechanism of metal foam pem fuel cell[D]. Tianjing: Tianjing University , 2018. (in Chinese)
[150]	ZHANG Guobin, BAO Zhiming, XIE Biao, et al. Three-dimensional multi-phase simulation of PEM fuel cell considering the full morphology of metal foam flow field[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ , 2021,46(3):2978-2989.
[151]	李伟, 李争显, 刘林涛, 等. 多孔金属流场双极板研究进展[J]. 材料工程, 2020,48(5):31-40.
	LI Wei, LI Zhixian, LIU Lintao, et al. Research progress of porous metal field in bipolar plate[J]. Mater Engi , 2020,48(5):31-40. (in Chinese)
[152]	Hussaini I S, Wang C Y. Visualization and quantification of cathode channel flooding in PEM fuel cells[J]. J Power Sources , 2009,187(2):444-451.
[153]	Aslam R M, Ingham D B, Ismail M S, et al. Simultaneous thermal and visual imaging of liquid water of the PEM fuel cell flow channels[J]. J Energ Instit , 2019,92(2):311-318.
[154]	WU Yunsong, LU Xuekun Cho J I S, et al. Multi-length scale characterization of compression on metal foam flow-field based fuel cells using X-ray computed tomography and neutron radiography[J]. Energ Conv Manag , 2021,230:113785.
[155]	Martinez N, Morin A, Berrod Q, et al. Multiscale water dynamics in a fuel cell by operando quasi elastic neutron scattering[J]. J Phys Chem C , 2018,122(2):1103-1108.
[156]	Lee J, Escribano S, Micoud F, et al. In Situ Measurement of Ionomer Water Content and Liquid Water Saturation in Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers by High-Resolution Small-Angle Neutron Scattering[J]. ACS Appl Energ Mater , 2020,3(9):8393-8401.
[157]	Markoetter H, Manke I, Krüger P, et al. Investigation of 3D water transport paths in gas diffusion layers by combined in-situ synchrotron X-ray radiography and tomography[J]. Electrochem Commun , 2011,13(9):1001-1004.
[158]	Ito K, Ashikaga K, Masuda H, et al. Estimation of flooding in PEMFC gas diffusion layer by differential pressure measurement[J]. J Power Sources , 2008,175(2):732-738.
[159]	Mérida W, Harrington D A Le Canut J M, et al. Characterisation of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) failures via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy[J]. J Power Sources , 2006,161(1):264-274.
[160]	HONG Po, XU Liangfei, JIANG Hongliang, et al. A new approach to online AC impedance measurement at high frequency of PEM fuel cell stack[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ , 2017,42(30):19156-19169.
[161]	ZHOU Su, WANG Keyong, ZHOU Shangwei, et al. Features selection and substitution in PEM fuel cell water management failures diagnosis[J]. Fuel Cells , 2021,21:512-522.
[162]	Nonobe Y. Development of the fuel cell vehicle Mirai[J]. IEEJ Trans Electri Electro Engi , 2017,12(1):5-9.
[163]	Yoshizumi T, Kubo H Okumura M, Development of high-performance FC stack for the new MIRAI [R]. SAE Tech Paper, 2021, 2021-01-0740.
[164]	Lee D C, Yang H N, Park S H, et al. Nafion/graphene oxide composite membranes for low humidifying polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell[J]. J Memb Sci , 2014,452:20-28.
[165]	Bae I, Oh K H, Yun S H, et al. Asymmetric silica composite polymer electrolyte membrane for water management of fuel cells[J]. J Memb Sci , 2017,542:52-59.
[166]	HOU Sanying, SU Huaneng, ZOU Haobin, et al. Enhanced low-humidity performance in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell by the insertion of microcrystalline cellulose between the gas diffusion layer and the anode catalyst layer[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ , 2015,40(45):15613-15621.
[167]	Angayarkanni R, Ganesan A, Dhelipan M, et al. Self-humidified operation of a PEM fuel cell using a novel silica composite coating method[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ , 2021,47(7):4827-4837.
[168]	Migliardini F, Unich A, Corbo P. Experimental comparison between external and internal humidification in proton exchange membrane fuel cells for road vehicles[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ , 2015,40(17):5916-5927.
[169]	Bvumbe T J, Bujlo P, Tolj I, et al. Review on management, mechanisms and modelling of thermal processes in PEMFC[J]. Hydro Fuel Cells , 2016,1(1):1-20.
[170]	Kumar R R, Suresh S, Suthakar T. Thermal management of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell with stearyl alcohol and fans combined[J]. J Energ Storage , 2021,41:102847.
[171]	Faghri A, Guo Z. Challenges and opportunities of thermal management issues related to fuel cell technology and modeling[J]. Int’l J Heat Mass Trans , 2005,48(19-20):3891-3920.
[172]	Yu S H, Sohn S, Nam J H, et al. Numerical study to examine the performance of multi-pass serpentine flow-fields for cooling plates in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells[J]. J Power Sources , 2009,194(2):697-703.
[173]	Hashmi S M H. Cooling Strategies for PEM FC Stacks [D]. Von der Fakultät Maschinenbau der Helmut-Schmidt-Universität /Universität der Bundeswehr Hambur, 2010.
[174]	Afshari E, Ziaei-Rad M, Shariati Z. A study on using metal foam as coolant fluid distributor in the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ , 2016,41(3):1902-1912.
[175]	Terada E, Mizusaki K. Fuel cell stack: US9941541 [P]. 2014
[176]	Bargal M H S, Abdelkareem M A A, Tao Q, et al. Liquid cooling techniques in proton exchange membrane fuel cell stacks: A detailed survey[J]. Alexandria Engi J , 2020,59(2):635-655.
[177]	Zakaria I, Mohamed W, Azmi W H, et al. Thermo-electrical performance of PEM fuel cell using Al2O3 nanofluids[J]. Int’l J Heat Mass Trans , 2018,119:460-471.
[178]	Khalid S, Zakaria I, Azmi W H, et al. Thermal-electrical-hydraulic properties of Al₂O₃-SiO₂ hybrid nanofluids for advanced PEM fuel cell thermal management[J]. J Therm Analy Calori , 2021,143(2):1555-1567.
[179]	李文浩, 方虹璋, 杜常清, 等. 一种燃料电池发动机的热管理系统: CN112820895A [P]. 2021.
	LI Wenhao, FANG Hongzhang, DU Changqing, et al. A thermal management system for a fuel cell engine: CN112820895A [P]. 2021. (in Chinese)
[180]	YAN Xiaohui, PENG Yimeng, SHEN Yuanting, et al. The use of phase-change cooling strategy in proton exchange membrane fuel cells: A numerical study[J]. Sci China Tech Sci , 2021,64(12):2762-2770.
[181]	Kumar R R, Suresh S, Suthakar T. Thermal management of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell with stearyl alcohol and fans combined[J]. J Energ Storage , 2021,41:102847.
[182]	孙鑫, 房炫伯, 刘永川, 等. 燃料电池热管理技术专利分析[J]. 中国科技信息, 2020(12):15-20.
	SUN Xin, FANG Xuanbo, LIU Yongchuan, et al. Patent analysis of thermal management technology in fuel cell[J]. China Sci Techn Info , 2020 (12):15-20. (in Chinese)
[183]	US Drive. Fuel cell technical team roadmap [R]. [2021-12-07], www.doe.gov/eere/vehicles/vehicle-technologies-office-us-drive, 2017.
[184]	Tabe Y, Saito M, Fukui K, et al. Cold start characteristics and freezing mechanism dependence on start-up temperature in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell[J]. J Power Sources , 2012,208:366-373.
[185]	Wakatake N, Tabe Y, Chikahisa T. Water transport in ionomer and ice formation during cold startup with supercooled state in PEFC[J]. ECS Trans , 2016,75(14):623-630.
[186]	Otsuki Y, Tamada Y, Inoue S, et al. Measurement of solidification heat from supercooled water freezing during PEFC cold start and visualization of ice distribution[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ , 2020,45(31):15600-15610.
[187]	Sabharwal M, Büchi F N, Nagashima S, et al. Investigation of the transient freeze start behavior of polymer electrolyte fuel cells[J]. J Power Sources , 2021,489:229447.
[188]	YAO Lei, PENG Jie, ZHANG Jianbo, et al. Numerical investigation of cold-start behavior of polymer electrolyte fuel cells in the presence of super-cooled water[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ , 2018,43(32):15505-15520.
[189]	HUO Sen, JIAO Kui, Park J W. On the water transport behavior and phase transition mechanisms in cold start operation of PEM fuel cell[J]. Appl Energ , 2019,233:776-788.
[190]	LIN Rui, ZHONG Di, LAN Shunbo, et al. Experimental validation for enhancement of PEMFC cold start performance: Based on the optimization of micro porous layer[J]. Appl Energ , 2021,300:117306.
[191]	XIE Xu, ZHANG Guobin, ZHOU Jiaxun, et al. Experimental and theoretical analysis of ionomer/carbon ratio effect on PEM fuel cell cold start operation[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ , 2017,42(17):12521-12530.
[192]	Santamaria A D, Bachman J, Park J W. Cold-start of parallel and interdigitated flow-field polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell[J]. Electrochimica Acta , 2013,107:327-338.
[193]	ZHU Yike, LIN Rui, JIANG Zhenghua, et al. Investigation on cold start of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells with different cathode serpentine flow fields[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ , 2019,44(14):7505-7517.
[194]	LIAO Zihao, WEI Lin, Dafalla A M, et al. Numerical study of subfreezing temperature cold start of proton exchange membrane fuel cells with zigzag-channeled flow field[J]. Int’l J Heat Mass Trans , 2021,165:120733.
[195]	WEI Lin, LIAO Zihao, Dafalla M A, et al. Effects of endplate assembly on cold start performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell stacks[J]. Energ Tech , 2021,9(7):2100092.
[196]	JIANG Fangming, WANG Chaoyang, Chen K S. Current ramping: A strategy for rapid start-up of PEMFCs from subfreezing environment[J]. J Electrochem Soc, 2010,157(3):B342-347.
[197]	CHEN Sitong, WANG Shubo, WANG Xueke, et al. Microencapsulated phase change material suspension for cold start of PEMFC[J]. Materials , 2021,14(6):1514.
[198]	Ríos G M, Schirmer J, Gentner C, et al. Efficient thermal management strategies for cold starts of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system[J]. Appl Energ , 2020,279:115813.
[199]	LEI Le, HE Pu, HE Peng, et al. A comparative study: The effect of current loading modes on the cold start-up process of PEMFC stack[J]. Energ Conv Manag , 2022,251:114991.
[200]	Manabe K, Naganuma Y, Nonobe Y, et al. Development of fuel cell hybrid vehicle rapid start-up from sub-freezing temperatures [R]. SAE Tech Paper , 2010,2010-01-1092.

厂商	国鸿氢能	新源动力	神力科技	Ballard	Toyota	DOE2025目标
代表型号	鸿芯GI	HYMOD-150	SFC-B9P	FCgen-HPS	Mirai2	?
发布年份	2020	2021	2021	2020	2020	?
电堆类型	柔性石墨	金属	模压石墨	柔性石墨	金属	?
电堆功率 / kW	84	150	150	140	128	?
质量功率密度 / (kW∙kg^-1)	2.4	?	?	4.7	5.4	2.7
体积功率密度 / (kW·L^-1)	3.8	4.5	4.0	4.3	5.4	?
能量效率 / %	?	?	?	52	?	65
无辅助冷启动温度 / ℃	?30	?	?35	?28	?30	?30
Pt载量 / (g∙kW^-1)	<0.25	?	?	?	0.11	0.1
寿命 / h	> 20 000	10 000	> 15 000	> 20 000	> 5 000	8 000
成本	1 199 CNY/kW	?	?	?	< 200 USD/kW	17.5 USD/kW
产能 / (kW∙a^-1)	0.5 M	?	?	?	1.28 M	40 M

厂商	国鸿氢能	新源动力	神力科技	Ballard	Toyota	DOE2025目标
代表型号	鸿芯GI	HYMOD-150	SFC-B9P	FCgen-HPS	Mirai2	?
发布年份	2020	2021	2021	2020	2020	?
电堆类型	柔性石墨	金属	模压石墨	柔性石墨	金属	?
电堆功率 / kW	84	150	150	140	128	?
质量功率密度 / (kW∙kg^-1)	2.4	?	?	4.7	5.4	2.7
体积功率密度 / (kW·L^-1)	3.8	4.5	4.0	4.3	5.4	?
能量效率 / %	?	?	?	52	?	65
无辅助冷启动温度 / ℃	?30	?	?35	?28	?30	?30
Pt载量 / (g∙kW^-1)	<0.25	?	?	?	0.11	0.1
寿命 / h	> 20 000	10 000	> 15 000	> 20 000	> 5 000	8 000
成本	1 199 CNY/kW	?	?	?	< 200 USD/kW	17.5 USD/kW
产能 / (kW∙a^-1)	0.5 M	?	?	?	1.28 M	40 M

厂商	东岳未来	科润新材料	Chemours	DOE2025目标
代表型号	DF260	N-3010	NC700	?
发布年份	2017	?	2019	?
厚度 / μm	15	10	15	?
电导率 / (mS∙cm^-1)	60 (80 ℃, 50% RH)	95 (80 ℃, 90% RH)	?	?
面比电阻	?	?	< 20 mΩ∙cm²	20 mΩ∙cm²
模量/ MPa	350 (TD), 350 (MD)	400 (TD), 480 (MD)	421 (TD), 446 (MD)	?
拉伸强度 / MPa	14 (TD), 15 (MD)	38 (TD), 45 (MD)	45 (TD), 45 (MD)	?
断裂伸长率 / %	120 (TD), 100 (MD)	150 (TD), 175 (MD)	61 (TD), 105 (MD)	?
溶胀率 / %	2 (TD), 5 (MD)	4 (TD), 5 (MD)	4 (TD), 4 (MD)	?
最高温度	?	?	?	120 ℃
渗氢电流	11 mA/cm²	< 2 mA/cm²	?	2 mA/cm²
干-湿机械耐久性	22 000 次循环	?	?	20 000 次循环
OCV化学耐久性	600 h	?	?	500 h
验证寿命	6 000 h	?	?	?
成本	?	?	?	17.5 USD/m²
产能 / （10⁴m²·a^-1）	150	100	?	?

厂商	东岳未来	科润新材料	Chemours	DOE2025目标
代表型号	DF260	N-3010	NC700	?
发布年份	2017	?	2019	?
厚度 / μm	15	10	15	?
电导率 / (mS∙cm^-1)	60 (80 ℃, 50% RH)	95 (80 ℃, 90% RH)	?	?
面比电阻	?	?	< 20 mΩ∙cm²	20 mΩ∙cm²
模量/ MPa	350 (TD), 350 (MD)	400 (TD), 480 (MD)	421 (TD), 446 (MD)	?
拉伸强度 / MPa	14 (TD), 15 (MD)	38 (TD), 45 (MD)	45 (TD), 45 (MD)	?
断裂伸长率 / %	120 (TD), 100 (MD)	150 (TD), 175 (MD)	61 (TD), 105 (MD)	?
溶胀率 / %	2 (TD), 5 (MD)	4 (TD), 5 (MD)	4 (TD), 4 (MD)	?
最高温度	?	?	?	120 ℃
渗氢电流	11 mA/cm²	< 2 mA/cm²	?	2 mA/cm²
干-湿机械耐久性	22 000 次循环	?	?	20 000 次循环
OCV化学耐久性	600 h	?	?	500 h
验证寿命	6 000 h	?	?	?
成本	?	?	?	17.5 USD/m²
产能 / （10⁴m²·a^-1）	150	100	?	?

厂商	上海弘枫	喜马拉雅	上海治臻	DOE2025目标
极板类型	超薄石墨	石墨复合模压	SS316L/Ti合金	?
板材重量 / (kg∙kW^-1)	?	?	?	0.18
渗氢系数 (@80 ℃ 3 atm 100% RH) / [cm³∙(s∙cm²∙Pa)^-1]	?	?	?	< 1.3×10^-14
厚度/ mm	1.4	0.3 (最小处)	1.1	?
电导率/ (S∙cm^-1)	> 800	> 625	?	> 100
热导率/ [W∙(m∙K)^-1]	?	?	?	> 20
抗弯强度 / MPa	> 50	> 51	?	> 40
接触电阻 / (mΩ∙cm^-2)	< 6.5	?	2	< 10 (@1.4 MPa)
腐蚀电流 / (μA∙cm^-2)	?	?	< 0.5	< 1
成型伸长率 / %	?	?	?	40
验证寿 / h	?	> 10 000	> 5 000	?
成本	?	?	?	2 $/ kW
产能 / (10⁴片∙a^-1)	> 400	?	340	?