正面碰撞中后倾乘员体型对胸腰椎损伤风险的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2026.01.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究正面碰撞中后倾姿态及体型差异对胸部及胸腰椎（T11—L5）损伤的影响，该文基于整车正面100%重叠刚性壁障碰撞模型，采用第5百分位女性（5 F）、第50（50 M）及第95百分位男性（95 M）人体有限元模型THUMS，对比了标准与后倾姿态下乘员的运动学响应与损伤风险。结果表明：后倾姿态会普遍加剧损伤风险，且损伤模式呈现显著的体型特异性。在后倾姿态下，5 F胸部损伤风险最为突出，其肺部压力高达1 230 kPa，肋骨最大主应变达4%；50 M与95 M的损伤风险则集中于胸腰椎，其中50 M的腰椎L2轴向力与前向弯矩峰值分别超损伤阈值44%、129%，95 M的腰椎L1轴向力超阈值38%，L5前向弯矩峰值超阈值111%；胸腰椎横向弯矩随体型增大而增加。

关键词: 正面碰撞, 人体有限元模型THUMS, 后倾姿态, 体型差异, 损伤风险

Abstract:

A full-vehicle frontal 100% overlap rigid barrier crash model was established to investigate the impact of anthropometric differences on occupant thoracic and thoracolumbar spine (T11—L5) injuries in reclined posture. The kinematic and injury responses of occupants in standard and reclined postures were compared, using the human finite element models THUMS (total human model for safety) of the 5th percentile female (5 F), 50th percentile male (50 M), and 95th percentile male (95 M). The results show that the reclined posture generally increases injury risk with injury patterns exhibiting significant body size specificity. Under the reclined posture, the 5 F exhibites the most pronounced thoracic injury risk, with lung pressure reaching 1 230 kPa and maximum principal rib strain reaching 4%. Injury risks for the 50 M and 95 M are concentrated in the thoracolumbar spine, the peak axial force and flexion moment at L2 of the 50 M exceeds the thresholds by 44% and 129%, respectively; the peak axial force at L1 of the 95 M exceeds the threshold by 38%, and the peak flexion moment at L5 exceeds the threshold by 111%. Moreover, the lateral bending moment of the thoracolumbar spine increases with larger body size.

Key words: frontal collision, total human model for safety (THUMS), reclined postures, anthropometric differences, injury risk

中图分类号:

U467.1+4

黄志山, 潘迪, 韩勇, 肖宗瀚, 刘慧, 覃帧员. 正面碰撞中后倾乘员体型对胸腰椎损伤风险的影响[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2026, 17(1): 50-58.

HUANG Zhishan, PAN Di, HAN Yong, XIAO Zonghan, LIU Hui, QIN Zhenyuan. Effects of occupant anthropometry on thoracolumbar injury risk in reclined postures during frontal collisions[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2026, 17(1): 50-58.

图/表 13

图1 整车-乘员碰撞有限元模型

图2 乘员姿态定义

序号	角度	体型
工况1	25°	5 F
工况2		50 M
工况3		95 M
工况4	45°	5 F
工况5		50 M
工况6		95 M

表1 碰撞仿真矩阵

损伤部位	损伤评价指标	参考阈值
胸部	胸部3 ms合成加速度/g	60 ^[20]
	胸部压缩量/mm	高性能限值22 ^[21]
	胸部压缩量/mm	低性能限值50 ^[21]
	心脏压力/kPa	170 ^[22]
	肺部压力/kPa	16 ^[22]
	肋骨最大主应变(皮质骨)	2.4% ^[23]
胸腰椎	轴向力/kN	3.6 ^[24]
	前向弯矩/Nm	51 ^[25]
	横向弯矩/Nm	仅输出参考

表2 损伤评价指标与参考阈值

图3 不同工况下乘员的运动学响应

序号	胸部3 ms合成加速度/g	胸部压缩量/mm
工况1	29.8	25.2
工况2	40.3	26.7
工况3	38.0	30.1
工况4	31.2	28.3
工况5	28.4	33.2
工况6	41.8	33.7

表3 胸部损伤仿真结果

图4 心肺、肋骨损伤分布

图5 不同体型乘员后倾姿态下T11—L5前向运动变化

图6 不同体型乘员后倾姿态下T11-L5横向运动变化

图7 标准姿态和后倾姿态下3类体型乘员T11—L5载荷峰值对比

图8 后倾姿态乘员骨盆旋转角度时间历程变化情况

图9 后倾姿态乘员左右股骨轴向力时间历程对比

图10 后倾姿态乘员主要受力示意图

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