考虑耐久性的PEM燃料电池有轨电车自适应优化控制策略

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.04.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对燃料电池/锂电池/超级电容混合储能有轨电车在动态负载、启停循环、怠速循环、大功率运行时质子交换膜（PEM）燃料电池寿命衰减情况，提出Pontryagin极小值原理（PMP）与耐久性结合的能量管理策略。通过启停控制策略控制燃料电池的启动与停止，有效降低燃料电池启动次数；利用储能系统总体氢气消耗为经济性代价，燃料电池性能衰退指数为耐久性代价，构建联合代价函数；在满足期望条件下，实现协态变量随荷电状态实时变化的在线适应；将所提策略与传统极小值策略和状态机策略进行仿真对比。结果表明：城市循环工况中所提策略较于传统Pontryagin策略燃料电池峰值电流降低了33.2%，氢气消耗下降了12.50%；郊区循环工况中所提策略较传统Pontryagin策略峰值电流降低了21.88%，氢气消耗下降了40.39%。所提管理策略在不同工况下均有良好的适应能力，解决了传统PMP只能离线应用的缺点，将启停次数控制在较低水平，具有延寿燃料电池的能力。

关键词: 混合动力有轨电车, Pontryagin极小值原理（PMP）, 质子交换膜（PEM）燃料电池, 耐久性

Abstract:

Aiming at the life decay of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells in fuel cell/Li battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage streetcars during dynamic loading, start-stop cycle, idling cycle, and high-power operation, an energy management strategy combining the Pontryagin's minimum principle(PMP) of very small value and durability was proposed. The start-stop control strategy controlled the start and stop of the fuel cell, effectively reducing the number of fuel cell starts. The joint cost function was constructed using the overall hydrogen consumption of the energy storage system as the economic cost and the fuel cell performance degradation index as the durability cost. The online adaptation of the covariance variable with the real-time change of charge state was realized under satisfying the desired conditions. The proposed strategy was simulated and compared with the traditional minimal value strategy and state machine strategy. The results show that the proposed strategy under the urban cycling condition reduces the peak current by 33.2% and hydrogen consumption by 12.50% compared with the traditional Pontryagin strategy fuel cell; the proposed strategy under the suburban cycling condition reduces the peak current by 21.88% and hydrogen consumption by 40.39% compared with the traditional Pontryagin strategy. The proposed management strategy has good adaptability under different working conditions, solves the shortcomings of traditional PMP that can only be applied offline, controls the number of start-stop at a low level, and has the ability to extend the life of the fuel cell.

Key words: hybrid tram, Pontryagin's minimum principle(PMP), proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell, durability

中图分类号:

U469.7

高锋阳, 刘嘉, 韩国鹏, 齐丰旭, 刘庆寅. 考虑耐久性的PEM燃料电池有轨电车自适应优化控制策略[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2024, 15(4): 569-578.

GAO Fengyang, LIU Jia, HAN Guopeng, QI Fengxu, LIU Qingyin. Adaptive optimization control strategy for PEM fuel cell tram considering durability[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2024, 15(4): 569-578.

图/表 17

参考文献 21

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列车自重	47 t
轴重	12 t
车辆编组	-Mc+T+Mc-，100%低地板
列车车体长度	31 075 mm
变流器	DC750 V(500~900)
驱动电机	8 kW
续驶里程	40 km
最高运行速度	60 km/h

列车自重	47 t
轴重	12 t
车辆编组	-Mc+T+Mc-，100%低地板
列车车体长度	31 075 mm
变流器	DC750 V(500~900)
驱动电机	8 kW
续驶里程	40 km
最高运行速度	60 km/h

影响程度	催化剂及碳载体	质子交换膜	气体扩散层	双极板
动态循环	3	3	1	1
启停循环	3	1	1	0
怠速运行	1	3	1	0
大功率运行	3	3	0	0

影响程度	催化剂及碳载体	质子交换膜	气体扩散层	双极板
动态循环	3	3	1	1
启停循环	3	1	1	0
怠速运行	1	3	1	0
大功率运行	3	3	0	0

工况评价指标	性能衰退率/%	权重系数
动态循环	0.003 32	0.414 5
启停循环	0.001 96	0.244 7
怠速运行	0.001 26	0.157 3
大功率运行	0.001 47	0.183 5