汽车安全与节能学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 12 ›› Issue (4): 417-439.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2021.04.001
• 综述与展望 • 下一篇
帅石金1(), 王志1, 马骁1, 徐宏明2, 何鑫3, 王建昕1
收稿日期:
2021-12-07
出版日期:
2021-12-31
发布日期:
2022-01-10
作者简介:
帅石金(1965—),男(汉),江西,教授。E-mail: sjshuai@tsinghua.edu.cn。清华大学汽车安全与节能国家重点实验室教授、博士生导师, 清华大学航空发动机研究院副院长,清华大学-壳牌清洁交通能源联合研究中心主任,中国汽车工程学会会士。担任中国内燃机学会常务理事、中国内燃机学会燃料与润滑油分会主任委员、后处理技术分会和内燃动力智能技术分会副主任委员,以及International Journal of Engine Research、Journal of Automotive Innovation、《燃烧科学与技术》和《汽车安全与节能学报》学术期刊的编委。研究领域为发动机喷雾燃烧与排放控制、混合动力发动机、燃料电池发动机。 基金资助:
SHUAI Shijin1(), WANG Zhi1, MA Xiao1, XU Hongming2, HE Xin3, WANG Jianxin1
Received:
2021-12-07
Online:
2021-12-31
Published:
2022-01-10
摘要:
自2020年9月中国在七十五届联合国大会上承诺“2030年碳达峰、2060年碳中和”以来,世界主要国家和地区2016年签署的《巴黎协定》控制全球气温上升幅度及采取碳中和政策和行动进入加速期。内燃机作为量大面广的道路、非道路移动机械和国防装备主导动力,在近中期肩负节能减排重要使命的同时,也面临着未来如何实现碳中和的巨大挑战和重要机遇。本文在分析欧、美、日、中等主要地区和国家碳中和政策和行动的基础上,提出并论述了内燃机近中期低碳和中远期零碳的两条技术路径及其可行性,以及内燃机使用生物质燃料、绿氢、绿氨和绿电合成液体燃料(e-fuel)等碳中和燃料需要解决的关键技术,旨在为内燃机的未来探索可持续发展之路。现有研究表明:内燃机作为一种高效高功率密度的燃料化学能转化为机械能的热力机,通过与电动化和智能化技术结合仍有较大的节能提升空间;内燃机相比氢燃料电池动力,产业链更完整,技术成熟度更高,成本更低,未来通过燃用碳中和燃料的新能源内燃机,仍可以在重型卡车、工程机械、船舶、航空等大型动力装备以及混合动力系统中得到大规模应用,促进中国能源和交通领域早日实现碳中和。
中图分类号:
帅石金, 王志, 马骁, 徐宏明, 何鑫, 王建昕. 碳中和背景下内燃机低碳和零碳技术路径及关键技术[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2021, 12(4): 417-439.
SHUAI Shijin, WANG Zhi, MA Xiao, XU Hongming, HE Xin, WANG Jianxin. Low carbon and zero carbon technology paths and key technologies of ICEs under the background of carbon neutrality[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2021, 12(4): 417-439.
温室气体排放 | 平均温升控制在 2.0 ℃以内 | 平均温升控制在 1.5 ℃以内 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 2030 | 2050 | 2020 | 2030 | 2050 | |
能源消费CO2 排放 | 100.3 | 104.6 | 29.2 | 100.3 | 104.5 | 14.7 |
工业过程CO2 排放 | 13.2 | 11.0 | 4.7 | 13.2 | 8.8 | 2.5 |
非CO2温室气体排放 | 24.4 | 27.8 | 17.6 | 24.4 | 26.5 | 12.7 |
森林碳汇 | -5.8 | -6.1 | -7.0 | -7.2 | -9.1 | -7.8 |
碳捕集(CCS) | 0.0 | 0.0 | -5.1 | 0.0 | -0.3 | -8.8 |
净排放 | 132.1 | 137.3 | 39.4 | 130.7 | 130.4 | 13.3 |
温室气体排放 | 平均温升控制在 2.0 ℃以内 | 平均温升控制在 1.5 ℃以内 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 2030 | 2050 | 2020 | 2030 | 2050 | |
能源消费CO2 排放 | 100.3 | 104.6 | 29.2 | 100.3 | 104.5 | 14.7 |
工业过程CO2 排放 | 13.2 | 11.0 | 4.7 | 13.2 | 8.8 | 2.5 |
非CO2温室气体排放 | 24.4 | 27.8 | 17.6 | 24.4 | 26.5 | 12.7 |
森林碳汇 | -5.8 | -6.1 | -7.0 | -7.2 | -9.1 | -7.8 |
碳捕集(CCS) | 0.0 | 0.0 | -5.1 | 0.0 | -0.3 | -8.8 |
净排放 | 132.1 | 137.3 | 39.4 | 130.7 | 130.4 | 13.3 |
沸点 | -252.77 ℃ | 熔点 | -259.2 ℃ |
---|---|---|---|
密度 | 0.089 g/L | 气液容积比(15 ℃,100 kPa) | 974 L/L |
相对分子质量 | 2.0157 | 临界密度 | 66.8 kg/m3 |
生产方法 | 电解水、裂解、煤制气等 | 临界压力 | 1.313 MPa |
三相点 | -254.4 ℃ | 燃烧界限(空气中的氢气体积) | 4%~75% |
熔化热(-254.5℃,平衡态) | 48.84 kJ/kg | 表面张力(平衡态,-252.8 ℃) | 3.72 mN/m |
热值(2.82×105 J/mol) | 1.4×108 J/kg | 折射系数(101.3 kPa,25℃) | 1.000 126 5 |
比热比(101.3 kPa,25℃,气体) | cp / cV = 1.40 | 易燃性级别 | 4级 |
易爆性级别 | 1级 | 毒性级别 | 0级 |
沸点 | -252.77 ℃ | 熔点 | -259.2 ℃ |
---|---|---|---|
密度 | 0.089 g/L | 气液容积比(15 ℃,100 kPa) | 974 L/L |
相对分子质量 | 2.0157 | 临界密度 | 66.8 kg/m3 |
生产方法 | 电解水、裂解、煤制气等 | 临界压力 | 1.313 MPa |
三相点 | -254.4 ℃ | 燃烧界限(空气中的氢气体积) | 4%~75% |
熔化热(-254.5℃,平衡态) | 48.84 kJ/kg | 表面张力(平衡态,-252.8 ℃) | 3.72 mN/m |
热值(2.82×105 J/mol) | 1.4×108 J/kg | 折射系数(101.3 kPa,25℃) | 1.000 126 5 |
比热比(101.3 kPa,25℃,气体) | cp / cV = 1.40 | 易燃性级别 | 4级 |
易爆性级别 | 1级 | 毒性级别 | 0级 |
AEL 法 | PEMEL法 | SOEC法 | |
---|---|---|---|
电解原料 | KOH/NaOH溶液 | 纯水 | 水蒸气 |
电解温度 / ℃ | 80~90 | 90~120 | 600~900 |
电极面积 / m2 | < 3 | < 0.2 | — |
电流密度 /(kA·cm-2) | 2.0~5.5 | 10.0~30.0 | 2.0~6.0 |
电解电压 / V | 1.75~2.10 | 1.72~2.20 | 约1.50 |
耗电参数 / (kWh·m-3) | 4.5~6.5 | 4.8~6.0 | 3.5~4.5 |
装置价格 / (万元·m-3h-1) | 80 | 150 | — |
规模 / (m3·h-1) | > 500 | 50 | > 5 000 |
AEL 法 | PEMEL法 | SOEC法 | |
---|---|---|---|
电解原料 | KOH/NaOH溶液 | 纯水 | 水蒸气 |
电解温度 / ℃ | 80~90 | 90~120 | 600~900 |
电极面积 / m2 | < 3 | < 0.2 | — |
电流密度 /(kA·cm-2) | 2.0~5.5 | 10.0~30.0 | 2.0~6.0 |
电解电压 / V | 1.75~2.10 | 1.72~2.20 | 约1.50 |
耗电参数 / (kWh·m-3) | 4.5~6.5 | 4.8~6.0 | 3.5~4.5 |
装置价格 / (万元·m-3h-1) | 80 | 150 | — |
规模 / (m3·h-1) | > 500 | 50 | > 5 000 |
含氢质量分数 % | 沸点 ℃ | 质量热值 MJ·kg-1 | 混合气热值MJ·kg-1 | 层流火焰速度 m·s-1 | 最小点火能量 mJ | 可燃极限体积 % | 辛烷值 RON | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
氨 | 17.7 | -33.4 | 18.6 | 2.61 | 0.07 | 680 | 15~28 | 130 |
氢 | 100.0 | -253.0 | 120.0 | 3.62 | 1.60 | 0.011 | 4~75 | ≥ 100, 130 |
柴油 | 12.6 | 180~360 | 42.5 | 2.78 | 15~25 | |||
汽油 | 14.5 | 20~215 | 44.0 | 2.80 | 0.34 | 0.8 | 90~106 | |
甲醇 | 12.5 | 64.7 | 23.9 | 3.18 | 0.40 | 0.14 | 6.7~36.0 | 108 |
乙醇 | 13.0 | 78.0 | 29.7 | 2.95 | 0.40 | 3.2~18.8 | 108 | |
二甲醚 | 13.0 | -29.5 | 31.8 | 3.15 | 0.43 | 0.29 | 3.4~27.0 | 0 |
含氢质量分数 % | 沸点 ℃ | 质量热值 MJ·kg-1 | 混合气热值MJ·kg-1 | 层流火焰速度 m·s-1 | 最小点火能量 mJ | 可燃极限体积 % | 辛烷值 RON | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
氨 | 17.7 | -33.4 | 18.6 | 2.61 | 0.07 | 680 | 15~28 | 130 |
氢 | 100.0 | -253.0 | 120.0 | 3.62 | 1.60 | 0.011 | 4~75 | ≥ 100, 130 |
柴油 | 12.6 | 180~360 | 42.5 | 2.78 | 15~25 | |||
汽油 | 14.5 | 20~215 | 44.0 | 2.80 | 0.34 | 0.8 | 90~106 | |
甲醇 | 12.5 | 64.7 | 23.9 | 3.18 | 0.40 | 0.14 | 6.7~36.0 | 108 |
乙醇 | 13.0 | 78.0 | 29.7 | 2.95 | 0.40 | 3.2~18.8 | 108 | |
二甲醚 | 13.0 | -29.5 | 31.8 | 3.15 | 0.43 | 0.29 | 3.4~27.0 | 0 |
[1] | 安永碳中和课题组. 一本书读懂碳中和[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2021. |
Ernst & Young Carbon Neutrality Research Group. A Book to Understand Carbon Neutrality[M]. Beijing: Machinery Industry Press, 2021. (in Chinese) | |
[2] | 国家能源局. 中国在新能源发展上是世界第一[Z/OL]. 海报新闻, baidu.com/s?id=1695702837945254833&wfr=spider&for=pc. |
National Energy Administration. China ranks first in the world in the development of new energy[Z/OL]. baidu.com/s?id=1695702837945254833&wfr=spider&for=pc. (in Chinese) | |
[3] | 邢敏. 推进内燃机产业高质量发展:瞄准碳中和、推进碳达峰[C]// 第20届中国国际内燃机及零部件展览会, 中国,长沙, 2021. |
XING Min. Promote high-quality development of internal combustion engine industry: Aim at carbon neutralization and promote carbon peaking[C]// The 20th China Inter-national Internal Combustion Engine and Parts Exhibition. Changsha, China, 2021. (in Chinese) | |
[4] | European Commission,EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). [2021-10-24], https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/eu-emissions-trading-system-eu-ets_en. |
[5] | European Commission,Legislative train schedule states navigation menu fit for 55 package under the european green deal[EB/OL]. [2021-10-24], https://www.europarl.europa.eu/Legislative-train/theme-a-european-green-deal/package-fit-for-55. |
[6] | European Commission. Stepping up Europe’s 2030 climate ambition[EB/OL]. Brussels, 2020. (2020-09-17), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0562. |
[7] | European Commission,Sustainable aviation fuels - ReFuelEU Aviation[EB/OL]. [2021-10-27], https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/12303-Sustainable-aviation-fuels-ReFuelEU-Aviation_en. |
[8] | European Parliament, Legislative train11. 2021 - A European green deal[EB/OL]. [2021-10-27], https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/theme-a-european-green-deal/file-fuel-eu-maritime. |
[9] | Our Energy Policy, Electric vehicle transition EVs shifting from regulatory-to supply chain-driven disruption[R/OL]. Citi GPS: Global Perspect Solutions, 2014(5). [2021-11-01], https://www.citi.com/citigps. |
[10] | European Comimission. EU 2050 long-term strategy[EB/OL]. [2021-10-27], https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/climate-strategies-targets/2050-long-term-strategy_en. |
[11] |
Williams J H, Jones R A, Haley B, et al. (2021). Carbon‐neutral pathways for the United States[J/OL]. AGU Advances, 2, e2020AV000284. [2021-12-10] https://doi.org/10.1029/2020AV000284.
doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2020AV000284 |
[12] | Energy and Environmental Economics, Inc. Achieving carbon neutrality in California-pathways scenarios developed for the California air resources board[EB/OL]. 2020. (2021-12-18), https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-10/e3_cn_final_report_oct2020_0.pdf. |
[13] | 古谷博秀, 後藤慎吾, 山根浩二, 等. 自動車と資源エネルギー[J]. 自動車技術, 2021, 75(8):28-32. |
Furutani H, Goto S, Yamane K, et al. Conservation of resources in the automobile industry[J]. J Soc Autom Engineers Japan, 2021, 75(8):28-32. | |
[14] | 経済産業省. 2050年カーボンニュートラルに伴うグリーン成長戦略[R]. 东京, 令和2年12月. |
Ministry of International Trade and Industry. Growth strategy of the green with carbon new trouble in 2050[R]. Tokyo, 2021. | |
[15] | 経済産業省. 中間整理(案)補足資料[C]// 自動車新時代戦略会議, 东京, 平成30年7月24日. |
Ministry of International Trade and Industry. Intermediate sorting (case) supplementary information[C]// Meeting on Development Strategy for the New Era of Automobile. Tokyo, 2018-07-24. | |
[16] | 山田兴一. あかるく豊かな社会に向かって:2050での電力, 自動車部門のゼロカーボン化[J]. 自動車技術, 2019, 73(11):4-10. |
Yamada K. Toward satisfying and fulfilling society: Zero carbonization of electric power and automobile in 2050[J]. J Soc Autom Engineers Japan, 2019, 73(11):4-10. | |
[17] | 経済産業省. カーボンリサイクル技術ロードマップ[C]. 东京, 令和元年6月(令和3年7月改訂). |
Ministry of International Trade and Industry. Carbon recycle technology road map[C]. Tokyo, 2019-06 (2021.07, Revised). | |
[18] | 李政. 气候变化与碳达峰碳中和[C]. 清华大学研究生讲座, 2021-09-24. |
LI Zheng. Climate change and carbon neutralization[C]. Graduate lecture of Tsinghua University. 2021-09-24. (in Chinese) | |
[19] | 李骏. 节能与新能源汽车技术路线图2.0[C]// 中国汽车工程学会年会, 上海, 2020. |
LI Jun. Energy saving and new energy vehicle technology roadmap 2.0[C]// Annu Conf China Soc Autom Engi. Shanghai. 2020. (in Chinese) | |
[20] | 朱玉龙. 解读《节能与新能源汽车技术路线图2.0》[EB/OL]. 2030出行研究室, 2020. (2020-10-28), https://chejiahao.autohome.com.cn/info/7194141#pvareaid=6838848. |
ZHU Yullong. Interpretation of energy saving and new energy vehicle technology roadmap 2.0[EB/OL]. 2030 Travel Research Institute. 2020. (2020-10-28), https://chejiahao.autohome.com.cn/info/7194141#pvareaid=6838848. (in Chinese) | |
[21] | GREET Model[EB/OL]. (2021-11-01), https://greet.es.anl.gov/. |
[22] |
Masnadi S M, El-Houjeiri H M, Schunack D, et al. Global carbon intensity of crude oil production[J]. Science, 2018, 361(6405):851-853.
doi: 10.1126/science.aar6859 URL |
[23] | 杨冬生. PHEV混合动力专用高效发动机技术现状及未来发展趋势[C]// 比亚迪插电式混合动力专用高效发动机技术品鉴会. 中国,深圳, 2020. |
YANG Dongshen. Technical status and future development trend of PHEV hybrid dedicated high efficiency engine[R]// BYD Plug-in Hybrid Dedicated Efficient Engine Technology Appreciation Workshop. Shenzhen China, 2020. (in Chinese) | |
[24] | 帅石金. 混合动力助内燃机焕发新生[R]. 清华大学研究生前沿课讲座, 2020. |
SHUAI Shijin. Hybrid power helps internal combustion engine rejuvenate[R]. Lecture on frontier courses for graduate students of Tsinghua University. 2020. (in Chinese) | |
[25] | Pihl J. Joint Development and coordination of emissions control data and models[R]. U.S. DOE Vehicle Technol-ogies Office Annual Merit Review, 2020. |
[26] | 赵丽丽, 常世彦, 张希良. 中国生物液体燃料技术经济与减排潜力研究[M]. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2012: 4-9 |
ZHAO Lili, CHANG Shiyan, ZHANG Xiliang. Techno-Economics and GHG Abatement potential of biofuels in China[M]. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press. 2012: 4-9. (in Chinese) | |
[27] | 胡徐腾. 液体生物燃料:从化石到生物质[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2013: 114-284. |
HU Xuteng. Liquid Biofuels: From Fossil to Biomass[M]. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press. 2013: 114-284. (in Chinese) | |
[28] | 国家能源局. 交通用生物燃料技术路线图[EB/OL]. (2012-5-31), http://www.nea.gov.cn/2012-05/31/c_131621852.htm. |
National Energy Administration. Technology roadmap for transportation biofuel[EB/OL]. (2012-5-31), http://www.nea.gov.cn/2012-05/31/c_131621852.htm. (in Chinese) | |
[29] |
WANG Jianxin, WU Fujia, XIAO Jianhua, et al. Oxygenated blend design and its effects on reducing diesel particulate emissions[J]. Fuel, 2009, 88(10):2037-2045.
doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2009.02.045 URL |
[30] | CHEN Hu, SHUAI shijin, WANG Jianxin. Study on combustion characteristics and PM emission of diesel engines using ester-ethanol-diesel blended fuels[C]// Proceed Combust Instit, 2007, 31(2):2981-2989. |
[31] |
LI Li, WANG Jianxin, WANG Zhi, et al. Combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with diesel/biodiesel/pentanol fuel blends[J]. Fuel, 2015, 156(9):211-218.
doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.04.048 URL |
[32] |
WANG Yu, CHENG Ming-Hsun, Wright M M. Lifecycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from corncob ethanol in China[J]. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 2018, 12(6):1037-1046.
doi: 10.1002/bbb.2019.12.issue-6 URL |
[33] | 罗祎青, 王雪, 袁希钢. 微藻生物柴油生命周期的能量平衡与碳平衡分析[J]. 清华大学学报 (自然科学版), 2018, 58(3):324-329. |
LUO YiQing, WANG Xue.YUAN Xigang. Energy and carbon balances in microalgae biodiesel[J]. J Tsinghua Univ (Sci Tech), 2018, 58(3):324-329. (in Chinese) | |
[34] | 百度百科. 氢气[EB/OL]. [2021-12-01], https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%94/1760269?fr=aladdin. |
Baidu Encyclopedia. Hydrogen[EB/OL]. [2021-12-01], https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%94/1760269?fr=aladdin. | |
[35] |
Medina V A, HUA Xiao, Jones O M, et al. Ammonia for power[J]. Prog Energ Combust Sci, 2018, 69:63-102
doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2018.07.001 URL |
[36] | 柴茂荣. 举重若“氢”:氢能的未来发展之道. 首都科学讲堂. 2021. |
CHAI Maorong. Weightlifting is like "hydrogen": Future development of hydrogen energy[R]. Capital Science Lecture Hall. 2021. (in Chinese) | |
[37] |
MacFarlane R D, Cherepanov V P, Choi J, et al. A roadmap to the ammonia economy[J]. Joule, 2020, 4(6):1186-1205.
doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2020.04.004 URL |
[38] | Frigo S, Gentili R, Doveri N. Ammonia plus hydrogen as fuel in a S.I. engine: Experimental results[R]. SAE Technical Paper, 2012-32-0019. |
[39] |
Zamfirescu C, Dincer I. Using ammonia as a sustainable fuel[J]. J Power Sources, 2008, 185(1):459-465
doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.02.097 URL |
[40] | Giddey S, Badwal S P S, C Munnings, Dolan M. Ammonia as a renewable energy transportation media[J]. ACS Sustain Chem Engi, 2017, 5(11):10231-10239. |
[41] | 中国氢能联盟. 中国氢能及燃料电池产业手册(2020年版)[M]. 北京, 2020. |
China Hydrogen Alliance. China Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Industry Handbook[M]. Beijing, 2020. (in Chinese) | |
[42] | Schemme S, Breuer J, Koller M, et al. H2-based synthetic fuels: A techno-economic comparison of alcohol, ether and hydrocarbon production[J]. Int’l J Hydr Energ, 2020, 45:5395-5414. |
[43] |
Sarp S, Hernandez S, Chen C, et al. Alcohol production from carbon dioxide: Methanol as a fuel and chemical feedstock[J]. Joule, 2021, 5:59-76.
doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2020.11.005 URL |
[44] | 埃克森美孚化工. 合成燃料油[EB/OL]. [2021-12-20], https://www.exxonmobilchemicalcom.cn/zh-cn/catalysts-and-technology-licensing/synthetic-fuels. |
ExxonMobil Chemical. Synthetic fuel oil[EB/OL]. [2021-12-20], https://www.exxonmobilchemicalcom.cn/zh-cn/catalysts-and-technology-licensing/synthetic-fuels.(in Chinese) | |
[45] |
Dry M. The Fisher-Tropsch process: 1950-2000[J]. Catalysis Today, 2002, 71:227-241.
doi: 10.1016/S0920-5861(01)00453-9 URL |
[46] | ZANG G, SUN P, Elgowainy A, et al. Performance and cost analysis of liquid fuel production from H2 and CO2 based on the Fischer-Tropsch process[J]. J CO2 Utilization, 2021, 46:101459. |
[47] | 丰田章男. 汽车工业“碳中和”的敌人是碳,而不是内燃机[C] // 日本汽车工业协会(JAMA)网上记者会. 2021-09-09. |
TOYODA Akio. The enemy of "carbon neutralization" in the automotive industry is carbon, not internal combustion engines[C] // Japan Automobile Industry Association (JAMA) (online press conference). 2021-09-09. | |
[48] | Das L M. Hydrogen engines: A view of the past and a look into the future[J]. Int’l J Hydr Energ, 1990, 15(6):425-443. |
[49] | Ozcanli M, Bas O, Akar M A, et al. Recent studies on hydrogen usage in Wankel SI engine[J]. Int’l J Hydr Energ, 2018, 43(38):18037-18045. |
[50] | Enke W, Gruber M, Hecht L, et al. The Bi-fuel V12 engine of the new BMW Hydrogen 7[J]. Mtz Worldwide, 2007, 68(6):6-9. |
[51] | KEYOU. [2021-12-10], https://www.keyou.de/%e6%8a%80%e6%9c%af/?lang=zh-hans. |
[52] | Markus W, 丁锋, Erik S, 等. 基于氢燃料内燃机的串并联混动系统研究[C]// 2020中国汽车工程学会年会论文集(3), 上海, 2020(3):199-206. |
Markus W, DING Feng, Erek S, et al. Characteristics of serial parallel hybrid powertrains in combination with a hydrogen SI engine[C]// Proceed 2020 SAECCE(3), Shanghai, 2020(3):199-206. (in Chinese) | |
[53] | 孙柏刚. 氢内燃机近零NOx排放控制技术探讨[C]// 第二届世界内燃机大会(WICE)论文集, 济南, 2021. |
SUN Baigang. Discussion on near-zero NOx emission control technology for hydrogen-fueled internal comb-ustion engine[C]// Proceed Second WICE, Jinan, 2021. (in Chinese) | |
[54] | Mathur H B, Das L M. Performance characteristics of a hydrogen fuelled S.I. engine using timed manifold injection[J]. Int’l J Hydr Energ, 1991, 16(2):115-127. |
[55] | Tang X, Kabat D, Natkin R, et al. Ford P2000 hydrogen engine dynamometer development[R]. SAE Technical Paper, 2002-01-0242. |
[56] | Dimitriou P, Tsujimura T. A review of hydrogen as a compression ignition engine fuel[J]. Int’l J Hydr Energ, 2017, 42(38):24470-24486. |
[57] |
Chintala V, Subramanian K A. A comprehensive review on utilization of hydrogen in a compression ignition engine under dual fuel mode[J]. Renew Sustain Energ Rev, 2017, 70:472-491.
doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.247 URL |
[58] | Stenlåås O, Christensen M, Egnell R, et al. Hydrogen as homogeneous charge compression ignition engine fuel[R]. SAE Technical Paper, 2004-01-1976. |
[59] | Antunes J, Mikalsen R, Roskilly A P. An investigation of hydrogen-fuelled HCCI engine performance and operation[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ, 2008, 33(20):5823-5828. |
[60] |
Aleiferis P G, Rosati M F. Controlled autoignition of hydrogen in a direct-injection optical engine[J]. Combust Flame, 2012, 159(7):2500-2515.
doi: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.02.021 URL |
[61] | Verhelst S, Wallner T. Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines[J]. Progr Energ Cmbust Sci, 2009, 35(6):490-527. |
[62] | Kroch E. Ammonia-A fuel for motor buses[J]. J Instit Petro, 1945, 31:213-223. |
[63] | Newhall S E, Verhelst K H, Sutton R, et al. Ammonia as a spark ignition engine fuel:Theory and application[R]. SAE Technical Paper, 1967, 660155. |
[64] |
Gross W C, KONG Song-Charng. Performance charac-teristics of a compression-ignition engine using direct-injection ammonia-DME mixtures[J]. Fuel, 2013, 103:1069-1079.
doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.08.026 URL |
[65] |
Reiter J A, KONG Song-Charng. Combustion and emissions characteristics of compression-ignition engine using dual ammonia-diesel fuel[J]. Fuel, 2011, 90(1):87-97.
doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.07.055 URL |
[66] |
Westlye R F, Ivarsson A, Schramm J. Experimental investigation of nitrogen based emissions from an ammonia fueled SI-engine[J]. Fuel, 2013, 111:239-247.
doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.03.055 URL |
[67] | Hayakawa A, Arakawa Y, Mimoto R, et al. Experimental investigation of stabilization and emission characteristics of ammonia/air premixed flames in a swirl combustor[J]. Int’l J Hydro Energ, 2017, 42(19):14010-14018. |
[68] |
Mørch S C, Bjerre A, Gøttrup P M, et al. Ammonia/hydrogen mixtures in an SI-engine: Engine performance and analysis of a proposed fuel system[J]. Fuel, 2011, 90(2):854-864.
doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.09.042 URL |
[69] | Lhuillier C, Brequigny P, Contino F, et al. Experimental investigation on ammonia combustion behavior in a spark-ignition engine by means of laminar and turbulent expanding flames[C]// Proceed Combust Instit, 2021, 38(4):5859-5868 |
[70] | Pochet M, Jeanmart H, Contino F. Compression ratio ammonia-hydrogen HCCI engine: Combustion, load, and emission performances[J]. Front Mech Engi, 2020, 6:43. |
[71] | NH3 Fuel Association. The AmVeh - an ammonia fueled car from South Korea[EB/OL]. (2013-06-20), https://nh3fuelassociation.org/2013/06/20/the-amveh-an-ammonia-fueled-car-from-south-korea/. |
[72] |
Sittichompoo S, Nozari H, Herreros J M, et al. Exhaust energy recovery via catalytic ammonia decomposition to hydrogen for low carbon clean vehicles[J]. Fuel, 2021, 285(2):119111.
doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119111 URL |
[73] |
Ezzat F M, Dincer I. Development and assessment of a new hybrid vehicle with ammonia and hydrogen[J]. Appl Energ, 2018, 219:226-239.
doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.012 URL |
[74] | 王巍, 赵自庆, 范钦灏, 等. 引燃燃料对射流点火发动机燃烧排放的影响[C]// APC联合学术年会,南京, 2021. |
WANG Wei, ZHAO Ziqing, FAN Qinghao, et al. Impact of pilot fuel on the combustion and emission characteristics of a jet ignition engine[C]// Proceed 2021 Automotive Powertrain Conf, Nanjing, 2021. (in Chinese) | |
[75] | Cole-Parmer Instrument Company. Chemical compa-tibility database, ammonia, anhydrous[EB/OL]. 2017. [2021-12-25], https://www.coleparmer.co.uk/Chemical-Resistance. |
[76] | Gray Jr T J, Dimitroff E, Meckel T, et al. Ammonia fuel engine compatibility and combustion[J]. SAE International, 1967, 75(1):785-807. |
[1] | 王志豪, 张新华, 吴慧珉, 刘超辉, 王兆文, 黄荣华, 李顶根, 王志. 微波辅助点火对 CO2 稀释甲烷燃烧的影响[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2022, 13(1): 149-156. |
[2] | 孙柏刚, 包凌志, 罗庆贺. 缸内直喷氢燃料内燃机技术发展及趋势[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2021, 12(3): 265-278. |
[3] | 包凌志, 孙柏刚, 汪熙. 直喷氢内燃机实现NOx近零排放的试验研究[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2021, 12(2): 257-264. |
[4] | 胡浩然, 袁悦博, 安莉莎, 王贺武. 商用车动力总成最高系统效率的探讨[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2020, 11(4): 428-443. |
[5] | 任烁今, 张明, 郭勇, 颜燕, 王志, 王建昕. 压缩比对双燃料发动机中高负荷影响的试验和模拟[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2020, 11(4): 518-528. |
[6] | 贾恬, 郑彬, Warnecke W, Kolbeck A, Aradi A, Kofod M, Clark R, Wilbrand K. 壳牌对未来车用能源多元化发展趋势的思考(Shell’s View on Future Mobility Fuels: A patchwork, or “Mosaic” approach will be needed to address societies energy needs)[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2020, 11(1): 17-35. |
[7] | 赵荣超,诸葛伟林,马学龙,张扬军. 脉冲频率与幅度对两级涡轮非定常特性的影响[J]. JASE, 2020, 11(1): 127-134. |
[8] | 韩志玉,吴振阔,高晓杰 . 汽车动力变革中的内燃机发展趋势[J]. JASE, 2019, 10(2): 146-160. |
[9] | 王字满,戴晓宇,李佳峰,吴 晗,李雁飞 . 柴油喷雾初始阶段喷孔内流及油束破碎特性[J]. JASE, 2019, 10(2): 241-248. |
[10] | 佟德辉,任烁今,李云强,王志坚,张海燕,王志,王建昕. 降低压缩比改善HCII 燃烧中高负荷特性的试验研究[J]. JASE, 2016, 07(04): 412-419. |
[11] | 黄超,黄岩军,张健,Amir KHAJEPOUR. 电控液压可变气门驱动系统鲁棒控制器的设计( 英文)[J]. JASE, 2016, 07(01): 100-107. |
[12] | 张贵新,侯凌云,王强,刘永喜,黄健,王志. 横磁振荡模式(TM010) 微波谐振腔的多点点火方法[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2015, 6(02): 179-183. |
[13] | 刘永峰, 贾晓社, 裴普成, 卢勇. 用液氧固碳技术的内燃机富氧燃烧数值模拟和试验[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2014, 5(01): 76-82. |
[14] | 裴普成,卢勇. 非常规热力循环内燃机的节能技术[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2013, 4(1): 1-15. |
[15] | 姚春德, 许汉君. 车用燃料发展和研究现状及其未来展望[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2011, 2(2): 101-110. |
阅读次数 | ||||||
全文 |
|
|||||
摘要 |
|
|||||