商用车动力总成最高系统效率的探讨

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2020.04.002

汽车安全与节能学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 11 ›› Issue (4): 428-443.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2020.04.002

商用车动力总成最高系统效率的探讨

胡浩然¹, 袁悦博², 安莉莎², 王贺武²

1.山东潍坊 261061,中国
2.汽车安全与节能国家重点实验室,清华大学,北京 100084 中国

收稿日期:2020-11-18 出版日期:2020-12-30 发布日期:2021-01-04
作者简介:胡浩然,博士, 国际汽车工程师学会（SAE）会士,美国机械工程师学会（ASME）会士。 E-mail: haoranhu@outlook.com。胡浩然博士,毕业于华中科技大学,获得美国麻省理工学院(MIT)博士学位和俄亥俄州立大学工商管理硕士(MBA)学位。曾在美国伊顿公司、卡特彼勒公司、底特律柴油机公司、雅各布车辆公司等任首席科学家和高级工程经理。国际汽车工程师学会(SAE)会士,美国机械工程师学会(ASME)会士; 国家特聘专家;2014-2020年,任潍柴动力副总裁兼首席技术官。主要从事发动机节能和减排技术、卡车发动机制动技术、混合动力总成、质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的固态氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)等方面的研究。
Dr. HU Haoran, Dr. Hu graduated from Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and received his science doctor (ScD) degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and MBA degree from Ohio State University. He served as a chief scientist and a senior engineering manager at Eaton Corp., Caterpillar, Detroit Diesel Corp., Jacob Vehicle System Company, etc. before returning to China in 2014. He is a fellow member of the Society of Automotive Engineers International (SAE), and a fellow member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and a national distinguished expert of China. From 2014 to 2020, he has been a vice president and a chief technology officer at Weichai Power Company. His main research interests focus on internal combustion engine fuel efficiency optimization and emission reduction technologies, engine retarding systems, hybrid powertrain systems, and technologies of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), etc.
基金资助:
科技部重点研发计划(2019YFE0100200)

In-searching for highest system efficiency of commercial vehicle powertrains

HU Haoran¹, YUAN Yuebo², AN Lisha², WANG Hewu²

1. Weifang,Shandong 261061, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Received:2020-11-18 Online:2020-12-30 Published:2021-01-04

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

能源安全和环境污染等问题使提升车辆系统效率成为热点研究对象。该文综述并比较了内燃机、纯电动、燃料电池以及混合动力等多种能源方式的车辆动力总成效率,以及先进内燃机燃烧技术、高压共轨燃油系统、混合动力总成系统,梳理了内燃机车用动力总成热效率从1960年的30% 提升到目前的50% 左右的历程,指出提升内燃机动力总成的热效率挑战会越来越大。工业界将注意力集中在纯电动和以氢为燃料的质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）上,并在产业化方面取得了进展,但是纯电动动力总成由于电池自身的重量和充电速率等问题,限制了其在长途货运市场的应用;氢燃料电池在氢气的制备、储存和运输等方面仍然存在很大挑战,特别是在氢气的储运技术方面还有待突破。固态氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）具有能源多样化、能源转换效率高等优点;以金属支撑为代表的第3代SOFC在启动次数、启动时间和耐久性得到了大幅提升;随着其功率密度、快速启动性能的进一步改进, 在不久的将来,高效固态氧化物燃料电池车用动力总成的产业化将成为现实。

关键词: 内燃机, 混合动力总成, 纯电动总成, 氢燃料电池, 固态氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）, 车辆系统效率

Abstract:

Energy safety and environmental concerns make improving the efficiency of vehicle systems a hot research object. This paper summarizes and compares the efficiencies of vehicle powertrain systems in various energy sources, such as internal combustion engine, pure electric, fuel cells and hybrid systems. With the advancement of combustion technology, high-pressure common rail fuel injection system, hybrid and other technologies, the thermal efficiency of the internal combustion vehicle powertrain has been increased from 30% in 1960 to current about 50%. However, the challenge of continuing to improve the thermal efficiency of internal combustion engine-based powertrains will grow. At present, the transportation industry is focusing on pure electric and hydrogen-fueled proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) powertrains, and has made progress in industrialization. Pure electric powertrans, due to the battery’s own weight and charging rate problems, limit its application in the long-distance freight market space. Hydrogen fuel cells still have great challenges in hydrogen storage and transportation. This paper points out that the metal support solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) has the advantages of energy diversification and high energy conversion efficiency. In recent years, the third generation of metal-supported SOFC have also improved their start-up duration, start-up times and durability. With the further improvement of its power density and fast start performance, the industrialization of efficient solid oxide fuel cell vehicle powertrans will become a reality in the future.

Key words: internal-combustion engine, hybrid powertrain, pure electric powertrain, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), system efficiency of vehicle

中图分类号:

U469

胡浩然, 袁悦博, 安莉莎, 王贺武. 商用车动力总成最高系统效率的探讨[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2020, 11(4): 428-443.

HU Haoran, YUAN Yuebo, AN Lisha, WANG Hewu. In-searching for highest system efficiency of commercial vehicle powertrains[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2020, 11(4): 428-443.

图/表 28

参考文献 49

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技术	描述	优势
先进燃烧技术	$\bullet$汽油发动机的直接喷射分层燃烧、控制自动点火（CAI）。 $\bullet$低温燃烧技术,如均质混合气压缩点火（HCCI）、预混合压缩点火 (PCCI)、柴油发动机的反应控制压缩点火(RCCI)。	$\bullet$CAI 可比传统的火花点火汽油发动机实现更高的效率。 $\bullet$低温燃烧可显著减少燃烧过程中NO和Soot的形成。 $\bullet$HCCI 发动机可以使用汽油、柴油和大多数替代燃料。
先进气门驱动技术	$\bullet$可变气门 (VVA) 包括可变气门升程、可变凸轮相位、气缸停用、无凸轮技术。	$\bullet$汽油发动机部分负载工况下节省燃油。
先进增压技术	$\bullet$双涡轮增压技术。 $\bullet$超级涡轮增压（涡轮增压器和电动增压器组合）技术。 $\bullet$电动增压器技术。	$\bullet$燃油经济性改善。 $\bullet$改进瞬态和零负载工况下操作性能。
先进燃油喷射技术	$\bullet$超高压共轨燃油喷射技术。	$\bullet$改进燃油经济性。 $\bullet$减排。
热能管理和回收技术	$\bullet$涡轮组合技术。 $\bullet$排气热能回收技术,如Rankine Cycle和热电技术。	$\bullet$发动机燃油经济性改善。
先进摩擦技术	$\bullet$高级润滑油。 $\bullet$先进的材料和设计。 $\bullet$附件电气化。	$\bullet$燃油经济性改善。
先进发动机设计	$\bullet$对置活塞发动机 $\bullet$空气混合动力发动机	$\bullet$燃油经济性改进。 $\bullet$重量轻。

技术	描述	优势
先进燃烧技术	$\bullet$汽油发动机的直接喷射分层燃烧、控制自动点火（CAI）。 $\bullet$低温燃烧技术,如均质混合气压缩点火（HCCI）、预混合压缩点火 (PCCI)、柴油发动机的反应控制压缩点火(RCCI)。	$\bullet$CAI 可比传统的火花点火汽油发动机实现更高的效率。 $\bullet$低温燃烧可显著减少燃烧过程中NO和Soot的形成。 $\bullet$HCCI 发动机可以使用汽油、柴油和大多数替代燃料。
先进气门驱动技术	$\bullet$可变气门 (VVA) 包括可变气门升程、可变凸轮相位、气缸停用、无凸轮技术。	$\bullet$汽油发动机部分负载工况下节省燃油。
先进增压技术	$\bullet$双涡轮增压技术。 $\bullet$超级涡轮增压（涡轮增压器和电动增压器组合）技术。 $\bullet$电动增压器技术。	$\bullet$燃油经济性改善。 $\bullet$改进瞬态和零负载工况下操作性能。
先进燃油喷射技术	$\bullet$超高压共轨燃油喷射技术。	$\bullet$改进燃油经济性。 $\bullet$减排。
热能管理和回收技术	$\bullet$涡轮组合技术。 $\bullet$排气热能回收技术,如Rankine Cycle和热电技术。	$\bullet$发动机燃油经济性改善。
先进摩擦技术	$\bullet$高级润滑油。 $\bullet$先进的材料和设计。 $\bullet$附件电气化。	$\bullet$燃油经济性改善。
先进发动机设计	$\bullet$对置活塞发动机 $\bullet$空气混合动力发动机	$\bullet$燃油经济性改进。 $\bullet$重量轻。

种类	电解质	燃料	氧化剂	催化剂	腐蚀性	工作温度/ ℃	发电效率/ %	应用
SOFC	氧化锆 / 氧化铈	H₂ /天然气、酒精等	空气、O₂	锰酸镧、镍	无	500~1 000	50 ~65	固定式发电,道路车辆APU
PEMFC	含氟质子交换膜	H₂	空气、O₂	铂	无	25~100	45~55	固定式发电,叉车和道路车辆
MCFC	KCO₃ / LiCO₃	H₂、天然气、等	空气、O₂	镍合金、氧化镍	强	600~700	50~55	固定式发电
PAFC	H₃PO₄	H₂	空气、O₂	铂	强	100~200	40~45	固定式发电
AFC	KOH / NaOH	H₂	O₂	铂或镍等非贵金属	强	50~100	65	固定式发电

种类	电解质	燃料	氧化剂	催化剂	腐蚀性	工作温度/ ℃	发电效率/ %	应用
SOFC	氧化锆 / 氧化铈	H₂ /天然气、酒精等	空气、O₂	锰酸镧、镍	无	500~1 000	50 ~65	固定式发电,道路车辆APU
PEMFC	含氟质子交换膜	H₂	空气、O₂	铂	无	25~100	45~55	固定式发电,叉车和道路车辆
MCFC	KCO₃ / LiCO₃	H₂、天然气、等	空气、O₂	镍合金、氧化镍	强	600~700	50~55	固定式发电
PAFC	H₃PO₄	H₂	空气、O₂	铂	强	100~200	40~45	固定式发电
AFC	KOH / NaOH	H₂	O₂	铂或镍等非贵金属	强	50~100	65	固定式发电

国家	乘用车	公交车及客车	卡车	叉车	加氢站
美国	7 271	35	-	30 000	42
中国	0	2 000 ~	1 500 ~	2	23
欧洲	1 000 ~	76	100	300	152
日本	3 219	18	-	160	127

商用车动力总成最高系统效率的探讨

In-searching for highest system efficiency of commercial vehicle powertrains

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反应	ΔH⁰₂₉₈	ΔS⁰₂₉₈	ΔG⁰₂₉₈	E	η_ideal
反应	kJ·mol^-1	kJ·(mol·K)^-1	kJ·mol^-1	V	%
CH₄ + 2O₂→ CO₂ + 2H₂O (g)	-802.2	0.024	-809.3	1.05	101
CH₄ + 2O₂→ CO₂ + 2H₂O (l)	-890.2	-0.215	-826.3	1.07	93
H₂+1/2O₂→H₂O	-285.8	-0.164	-236.9	1.23	83
H₂+1/2O₂→H₂O (g)	-241.8	-0.045	-228.4	1.18	94
C+1/2O₂→CO (g)	-110.5	0.087	-136.4	0.71	123
C + O₂ → CO₂ (g)	-393.5	0.003	-394.4	1.02	100
CO+1/2O₂→CO₂ (g)	-283.0	-0.087	-257.1	1.33	91

		效率/ %
	WTP	PTW	WTW
NG_SI	83	20	16.6
NG_GTL_CI	49	32	15.7
NG_Ele_EV	38	79	30.0
NG_Ele_H2_FC	25	45	11.2
NG_H2_FC	57	45	25.7
NG_SOFC	83	50	41.5

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[2]	包凌志, 孙柏刚, 汪熙. 直喷氢内燃机实现NO_x近零排放的试验研究[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2021, 12(2): 257-264.
[3]	任烁今, 张明, 郭勇, 颜燕, 王志, 王建昕. 压缩比对双燃料发动机中高负荷影响的试验和模拟[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2020, 11(4): 518-528.
[4]	贾恬, 郑彬, Warnecke W, Kolbeck A, Aradi A, Kofod M, Clark R, Wilbrand K. 壳牌对未来车用能源多元化发展趋势的思考（Shell’s View on Future Mobility Fuels: A patchwork, or “Mosaic” approach will be needed to address societies energy needs）[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2020, 11(1): 17-35.
[5]	赵荣超，诸葛伟林，马学龙，张扬军. 脉冲频率与幅度对两级涡轮非定常特性的影响[J]. JASE, 2020, 11(1): 127-134.
[6]	韩志玉，吴振阔，高晓杰 . 汽车动力变革中的内燃机发展趋势[J]. JASE, 2019, 10(2): 146-160.
[7]	王字满，戴晓宇，李佳峰，吴晗，李雁飞 . 柴油喷雾初始阶段喷孔内流及油束破碎特性[J]. JASE, 2019, 10(2): 241-248.
[8]	佟德辉，任烁今，李云强，王志坚，张海燕，王志，王建昕. 降低压缩比改善HCII 燃烧中高负荷特性的试验研究[J]. JASE, 2016, 07(04): 412-419.
[9]	黄超，黄岩军，张健，Amir KHAJEPOUR. 电控液压可变气门驱动系统鲁棒控制器的设计( 英文)[J]. JASE, 2016, 07(01): 100-107.
[10]	张贵新，侯凌云，王强，刘永喜，黄健，王志. 横磁振荡模式(TM010) 微波谐振腔的多点点火方法[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2015, 6(02): 179-183.
[11]	刘永峰，贾晓社，裴普成，卢勇. 用液氧固碳技术的内燃机富氧燃烧数值模拟和试验[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2014, 5(01): 76-82.
[12]	裴普成，卢勇. 非常规热力循环内燃机的节能技术[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2013, 4(1): 1-15.
[13]	姚春德, 许汉君. 车用燃料发展和研究现状及其未来展望[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2011, 2(2): 101-110.
[14]	黄佐华. 内燃机节能与洁净利用开发与研究的现状与前沿[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2010, 1(2): 89-97.