Abstract: Air pollution has become a severe concern in the major cities in China. This paper reviews the onroad
and off-road emission regulations in the United States and European Union, as well as the advanced
emission aftertreatment technologies. A few key factors were identified that substantially influence the realworld
engine and vehicle emission reduction in the major cities in China. Recommendations were made to
implement a highly integrated system approach, involving fuel and lubricant qualities, engine and aftertreatment
technologies, as well as emission standard establishment and implementation. With the recently passed
greenhouse gas (GHG) regulations in the United States and European Union, as well as the fuel economy rules
in the United States, GHG and fuel economy will be the key focus in engine and vehicle technology development
in the future, while the very stringent emission regulations must still be met without compromise.

Key words: engine and vehicle, greenhouse gas (GHG), emission, standards and regulations, driving cycle fuel economy