Review and prospect of human factor testing of automotive head up displays in connected environment

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2022

Abstract

Abstract:

Head up displays (HUD) is an emerging way and hot topic of in-vehicle human-computer interaction in connected environment. The human factor testing of automotive HUD is a fundamental step to ensure the expected safety benefits. This paper introduces the classification, the application status, and the suggested information of HUD; The knowledge maps of human factors research of HUD are drawn to clarify the key content of previous research and its changing trend with time and space; And the paper puts forward the general testing framework of HUD from the functional scenarios, test variables, and test methods; and further discusses the human factors testing in the scenarios of navigation, safety assistance, automated driving, and other interactive assistance tasks. Finally, it summarizes the existing research gaps and put forward the future research prospects for human factors research of HUD, and provides references for the construction of the intelligent cockpit in connected environment.

Key words: connected environment, human computer interaction, head up display (HUD), human factors, driving assistance, automatic driving, intelligent cockpit

CLC Number:

U491.2+5

ZHAO Xiaohua, LI Xuewei, ZHANG Yu, LI Zhenlong, LI Haijian, ZHANG Jianhua. Review and prospect of human factor testing of automotive head up displays in connected environment[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2022, 13(2): 225-241.

Figures/Tables 13

References 75

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对比项	C-HUD	W-HUD	AR-HUD
视觉示区域	透明树脂玻璃	前挡风玻璃（近投面）	前挡风玻璃 (近投面+远投面)
产业应用	后装或前装; 已量产	前装; 已量产	前装; 小规模量产
主要特点	成本容易控制; 显示效果较好; 车辆事故时容易产生二次伤害	一体化显示; 节省车内空间; 高精度非球面反射镜致使成本高	驾驶安全性高; 显示效果更真实; 技术难度大; 制造成本高

对比项	C-HUD	W-HUD	AR-HUD
视觉示区域	透明树脂玻璃	前挡风玻璃（近投面）	前挡风玻璃 (近投面+远投面)
产业应用	后装或前装; 已量产	前装; 已量产	前装; 小规模量产
主要特点	成本容易控制; 显示效果较好; 车辆事故时容易产生二次伤害	一体化显示; 节省车内空间; 高精度非球面反射镜致使成本高	驾驶安全性高; 显示效果更真实; 技术难度大; 制造成本高

信息类型	信息内容	应用情况及目的
车辆状态信息	当前速度	支持驾驶人的纵向控制,特别是限速阶段
	巡航控制相关信息	告知驾驶人巡航控制系统模式和设置; 预防驾驶人失误并辅助车辆纵向控制;增强人机交互
	档位切换信息	告知驾驶人档位和车辆操作模式预防驾驶人失误;最佳档位建议以提高驾驶性能
	系统信息	通知驾驶人车辆故障或即将出现的问题;及时进行车辆维护;确保驾驶不受干扰,提高驾驶安全
	转速信息	告知驾驶人发动机状态;辅助驾驶人换挡决策;改善驾驶表现及燃油经济性
	油量相关信息	燃油不足提醒补充油量;保证驾驶不受干扰
	远光灯状态	告知驾驶人远光灯状态;增强驾驶人对外界环境的感知;当能见度低时有用;提高驾驶安全性
	转向灯状态	告知驾驶人转向灯状态;提供驾驶人操作反馈
	泊车辅助系统状态	告知驾驶人泊车辅助系统状态;减少人因错误;增强人车交互
	混合动力系统状态	告知驾驶人混合动力状态,例如动力驾驶模式、电池状态、功率/扭矩分布;仅适用于混合动力汽车
	赛车相关信息	告知驾驶人赛车相关信息,例如档位和圈数;适用于赛车;改善驾驶表现
	刹车辅助系统状态	告知驾驶人刹车辅助状态;减少人因错误;增强人车交互
	电子稳定控制状态	告知驾驶人电子稳定控制状态;帮助最大限度减少失控;提高驾驶安全
	生态驾驶状态	告知驾驶人生态驾驶模式;辅助降低油耗和二氧化碳排放
	胎压状态	尽早发现轮胎问题;确保驾驶不受干扰;提高驾驶安全性
安全信息	碰撞警告（包含盲区监测和距离提醒）	告知驾驶人即将发生的碰撞,并有助于防止碰撞或降低碰撞的严重程度;提高驾驶安全性
	道路标志通知/警告车道保持相关信息	增强驾驶人对道路标志和警告的感知;提高驾驶安全性;提醒驾驶人无意识车道偏离,提高驾驶安全性
	夜视相关警告	增强黑暗环境下的驾驶人意识;辅助驾驶人检测潜在危险;提高驾驶安全性
导航信息	导航指示	告知驾驶人导航指导和最佳路线;辅助在不熟悉环境驾驶;改善驾驶绩效和安全
	剩余距离	告知驾驶人距离下一转向的距离,从而帮助驾驶人知道何时转弯
	罗盘航向	为驾驶人提供指南针方向;帮助驾驶人在没有导航指示的情况下驾驶
环境信息	外界温度	告知驾驶人环境温度;改善驾驶人对外部环境的情境意识
娱乐/ 通讯信息	无线电相关信息	向驾驶人提供无线电相关信息,如当前电台、电台频率等。
	音频播放器	为驾驶人提供音频播放器信息,如歌曲标题、媒体类型等;支持驾驶人与车内娱乐系统交互;改善驾驶体验
	电话相关信息	提供驾驶人与电话相关的信息,如来电、通话历史等;支持驾驶人与车内通讯系统交互;改善驾驶体验。
	语音识别系统	告知驾驶人语音识别系统状态;支持驾驶人与车或人工智能系统交互;改善驾驶绩效与驾驶体验

信息类型	信息内容	应用情况及目的
车辆状态信息	当前速度	支持驾驶人的纵向控制,特别是限速阶段
	巡航控制相关信息	告知驾驶人巡航控制系统模式和设置; 预防驾驶人失误并辅助车辆纵向控制;增强人机交互
	档位切换信息	告知驾驶人档位和车辆操作模式预防驾驶人失误;最佳档位建议以提高驾驶性能
	系统信息	通知驾驶人车辆故障或即将出现的问题;及时进行车辆维护;确保驾驶不受干扰,提高驾驶安全
	转速信息	告知驾驶人发动机状态;辅助驾驶人换挡决策;改善驾驶表现及燃油经济性
	油量相关信息	燃油不足提醒补充油量;保证驾驶不受干扰
	远光灯状态	告知驾驶人远光灯状态;增强驾驶人对外界环境的感知;当能见度低时有用;提高驾驶安全性
	转向灯状态	告知驾驶人转向灯状态;提供驾驶人操作反馈
	泊车辅助系统状态	告知驾驶人泊车辅助系统状态;减少人因错误;增强人车交互
	混合动力系统状态	告知驾驶人混合动力状态,例如动力驾驶模式、电池状态、功率/扭矩分布;仅适用于混合动力汽车
	赛车相关信息	告知驾驶人赛车相关信息,例如档位和圈数;适用于赛车;改善驾驶表现
	刹车辅助系统状态	告知驾驶人刹车辅助状态;减少人因错误;增强人车交互
	电子稳定控制状态	告知驾驶人电子稳定控制状态;帮助最大限度减少失控;提高驾驶安全
	生态驾驶状态	告知驾驶人生态驾驶模式;辅助降低油耗和二氧化碳排放
	胎压状态	尽早发现轮胎问题;确保驾驶不受干扰;提高驾驶安全性
安全信息	碰撞警告（包含盲区监测和距离提醒）	告知驾驶人即将发生的碰撞,并有助于防止碰撞或降低碰撞的严重程度;提高驾驶安全性
	道路标志通知/警告车道保持相关信息	增强驾驶人对道路标志和警告的感知;提高驾驶安全性;提醒驾驶人无意识车道偏离,提高驾驶安全性
	夜视相关警告	增强黑暗环境下的驾驶人意识;辅助驾驶人检测潜在危险;提高驾驶安全性
导航信息	导航指示	告知驾驶人导航指导和最佳路线;辅助在不熟悉环境驾驶;改善驾驶绩效和安全
	剩余距离	告知驾驶人距离下一转向的距离,从而帮助驾驶人知道何时转弯
	罗盘航向	为驾驶人提供指南针方向;帮助驾驶人在没有导航指示的情况下驾驶
环境信息	外界温度	告知驾驶人环境温度;改善驾驶人对外部环境的情境意识
娱乐/ 通讯信息	无线电相关信息	向驾驶人提供无线电相关信息,如当前电台、电台频率等。
	音频播放器	为驾驶人提供音频播放器信息,如歌曲标题、媒体类型等;支持驾驶人与车内娱乐系统交互;改善驾驶体验
	电话相关信息	提供驾驶人与电话相关的信息,如来电、通话历史等;支持驾驶人与车内通讯系统交互;改善驾驶体验。
	语音识别系统	告知驾驶人语音识别系统状态;支持驾驶人与车或人工智能系统交互;改善驾驶绩效与驾驶体验

信息类别	信息内容	应用目的
自动驾驶相关	自动化公路信息（车辆运行模式、车车间距、当前车道位置）; 条件自动化车辆纵向和横向控制状态; L3自动驾驶车辆接管通知; 高度自动化车辆协同驾驶通信信息（例如,变道动作箭头、间隙信息和合作伙伴信息）	支持驾驶人与自动化车辆交互; 提高驾驶绩效和安全。
非驾驶相关	驾驶人—驾驶人通信（驾驶人对其他驾驶人行为的赞赏标志）; 驾驶人—乘客通信（乘客视线可视化信息）; 环境信息（驾驶人手握方向盘时指向目标的位置）; 娱乐信息（视频游戏相关信息）	支撑驾驶人与其他人的通信; 改善司机与乘客的驾驶体验; 提高驾驶绩效和安全; 减少驾驶疲劳,丰富驾驶娱乐性