Overview of the combustion of ammonia-hydrogen internal combustion engines

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.04.001

Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy ›› 2024, Vol. 15 ›› Issue (4): 443-466.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.04.001

• Review, Progress and Prospects • Next Articles

Overview of the combustion of ammonia-hydrogen internal combustion engines

WANG Zhi¹^,²(), QI Yunliang¹^,², CHEN Qingchu¹^,², LI Jun¹^,²^,^*()

1. School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Green Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Received:2024-07-01 Revised:2024-08-16 Online:2024-08-31 Published:2024-09-04
About author:Prof. WANG Zhi, He is a professor at Tsinghua University, a Ph D supervisor, the director of the National First-Class Undergraduate Course, a deputy dean of the School of Vehicle and Mobility at Tsinghua University, a fellow of China Society of Automotive Engineers (China-SAE), the chairman of the Automotive Engine Committee of China-SAE, a deputy director of the Vehicle Engineering Professional Committee of the China Association of Mechanical Education, and the secretary-general of the Fuel and Lubricants Committee of the Chinese Society for Internal Combustion Engines (CSICE). He has been selected for the National High-Level Talent Support Program. He has long been engaged in the research of high-efficiency and clean combustion technology for internal combustion engines and fuel combustion chemistry, and has made breakthroughs in the mechanism and control technology of knocking combustion. He has received the First Prize of the Natural Science Award from CSICE and the First Prize of the Technical Invention Award from China-SAE. He is the chief editor of the textbook Principles of Automotive Power Systems. His research areas include knocking combustion, chemical reaction kinetics, transportation energy, and intelligent power systems.
Prof. LI Jun, He is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, a professor, and a PhD supervisor in School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University，the director of Tsinghua University-Faw Jiefang Automotive Co., Ltd. Joint Research Center for Intelligent Carbon Neutral Vehicle Technology. He also serves as the Honorary Chairman of the China Society of Automotive Engineers (China-SAE), the director of the National Innovation Center of Intelligent and Connected Vehicles, the chairman of the China Automotive Industry Progress Award, and the chairman of the China Industry Innovation Alliance for the Intelligent and Connected Vehicles. Additionally, he is the editor-in-chief of the academic journal Automotive Innovation. Previously, he was the chief engineer of FAW group，and the director of FAW Research and Development Center，the president of the International Federation of Automotive Engineering Societies (FISITA) from 2012 to 2014, and the chairman of China-SAE. His research interests include safety of the intended functionality for intelligent connected vehicles, ammonia-hydrogen hybrid fuel engines, and hydrogen fuel engines.

Abstract

Abstract:

With the introduction of Chinese goals of “carbon peak” and “carbon neutrality”, the low-carbon and zero-carbon transition of internal combustion engines is imperative. Ammonia, as a zero-carbon fuel and a high-energy-density carrier for hydrogen, is a promising alternative fuel for achieving carbon neutrality in the near to mid-term. Developing ammonia-hydrogen combustion technology for high-power, zero-carbon internal combustion engines is of significant importance for global climate governance. This paper analyzes the potential of ammonia as a future green energy source and its practical applications in internal combustion engines. It reviews the latest advancements in ammonia-hydrogen engine combustion from the aspects of combustion modes, reaction kinetics of ammonia-hydrogen fuel, and fuel supply methods, comparing three combustion modes (spark ignition/homogeneous compression ignition/jet ignition), two ammonia supply methods (gaseous port injection/liquid ammonia direct injection), and two jet ignition methods (active/passive). A promising technology of ammonia-hydrogen synergy combustion based on online ammonia cracking to produce hydrogen from a single liquid ammonia fuel tank is proposed and discussed. Key technical and scientific issues to be addressed in spray, combustion, and nitrogen-based emission control are also pointed out. Research indicates that using a small amount of hydrogen (less than 3%) to ignite ammonia-air mixtures in ammonia-hydrogen engines can achieve stable combustion and high thermal efficiency while extending the lean limit. Ammonia-hydrogen synergy zero-carbon high-power internal combustion engines, as efficient and reliable application carriers for ammonia fuel, have broad application potential and value in heavy-duty vehicles, construction machinery, ocean-going vessels, and power generation. The development of ammonia-hydrogen engines can advance fundamental combustion theory and revitalize China's internal combustion engine industry.

Key words: ammonia-hydrogen synergy, zero-carbon engine, combustion mode, reaction kinetics

CLC Number:

TK467.1+4

WANG Zhi, QI Yunliang, CHEN Qingchu, LI Jun. Overview of the combustion of ammonia-hydrogen internal combustion engines[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2024, 15(4): 443-466.

Figures/Tables 27

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时间	论文作者	点火模式	压缩比	掺氨率/ %	热效率/ %
2011	S.C.M?rch et al^[1]	SI	6.2~13.6	0~95	35.4(ITE)
2013	S.Frigo，et al^[2]	SI	10.7	0~95	26.0(BTE)
2015	M. Comotti，et al^[3]	SI	10.7	-	28.0(BTE)
2017	M. Pochet，et al^[4]	HCCI	16.0	0~70	-
2020	C. Lhuillier，et al^[5]	SI	10.5	46~100	39.0(ITE)
2020	M. Pochet，et al^[6]	HCCI	22.0	0~94	-
2021	C. Mouna?m-Rousselle，et al^[7]	SI	10.5	90~100	35.0(ITE)
2021	JI Changwei，et al^[8]	SI	9.5	0~3	34.2(ITE)
2022	GU Xin et al^[9]	SI	9.5	0~3	34.0(ITE)
2022	GU Xin，et al^[10]	SI	9.5	6.7~13.8	33.5(ITE)
2023	LIU Zongkuan，et al^[11]	JI	14.0	97.5	36.5(ITE)
2023	LIU Zongkuan，et al^[12]	JI	14.0	100	32.5(ITE)
2023	LIU Zongkuan，et al^[13]	JI	14.0	97.5	35.7(ITE)
2023	QI Yunliang，et al^[14]	JI	17.3	95	41.4(ITE)
2023	LIN Zhelong，et al^[15]	SI	15.5	48.8~67.2	44.3(ITE)
2024	WANG Zhi，et al^[16]	JI	17.3	95.6~97.9	42.5(ITE)

时间	论文作者	点火模式	压缩比	掺氨率/ %	热效率/ %
2011	S.C.M?rch et al^[1]	SI	6.2~13.6	0~95	35.4(ITE)
2013	S.Frigo，et al^[2]	SI	10.7	0~95	26.0(BTE)
2015	M. Comotti，et al^[3]	SI	10.7	-	28.0(BTE)
2017	M. Pochet，et al^[4]	HCCI	16.0	0~70	-
2020	C. Lhuillier，et al^[5]	SI	10.5	46~100	39.0(ITE)
2020	M. Pochet，et al^[6]	HCCI	22.0	0~94	-
2021	C. Mouna?m-Rousselle，et al^[7]	SI	10.5	90~100	35.0(ITE)
2021	JI Changwei，et al^[8]	SI	9.5	0~3	34.2(ITE)
2022	GU Xin et al^[9]	SI	9.5	0~3	34.0(ITE)
2022	GU Xin，et al^[10]	SI	9.5	6.7~13.8	33.5(ITE)
2023	LIU Zongkuan，et al^[11]	JI	14.0	97.5	36.5(ITE)
2023	LIU Zongkuan，et al^[12]	JI	14.0	100	32.5(ITE)
2023	LIU Zongkuan，et al^[13]	JI	14.0	97.5	35.7(ITE)
2023	QI Yunliang，et al^[14]	JI	17.3	95	41.4(ITE)
2023	LIN Zhelong，et al^[15]	SI	15.5	48.8~67.2	44.3(ITE)
2024	WANG Zhi，et al^[16]	JI	17.3	95.6~97.9	42.5(ITE)

No.	作者	年份	物种数/反应数	验证燃料	验证参数
1	P. Glarborg，et al^[58]	2018	151 / 1397	NH₃/ H₂/ C₁-C₂	-
2	J. Otomo，et al^[85]	2018	32 / 213	NH₃/ H₂	IDT / LFS
3	MEI Bowen，et al^[86]	2019	38 / 265	NH₃	LFS
5	HAN Xinlu，et al^[87]	2020	35 / 177	NH₃/ syngas	IDT/LFS
6	DAI Liming，et al^[65]	2020	151 / 1392	NH₃/ H₂	IDT
7	ZHANG Xiaoyuan，et al^[76]	2021	38 / 263	NH₃/ H₂	SMF
8	P. K. Shrestha，et al^[71]	2021	125 / 1 099	NH₃/ H₂/ DME	LFS
9	TANG Ruoyue，et al^[77]	2022	35 / 211	NH₃	SMF
10	LIAO Wanxiong，et al^[66]	2022	38 / 262	NH₃/ H₂	IDT/SMF
11	P. Glarborg^[88]	2022	41 / 270	NH₃	SMF
12	A. Stagni，et al^[89]	2023	31 / 205	NH₃	IDT / SMF
13	ZHOU Shangkun，et al^[81]	2023	169 / 1268	NH₃/ H₂/ CH₄/ CO	IDT / LFS / SMF
14	ZHU Yuxiang，et al^[82]	2024	43 / 312	NH₃/ H₂/ CH₄/ C₂H₆	IDT / LFS / SMF
15	ZHANG Ridong，et al^[83]	2024	31 / 214	NH₃/ H₂	IDT / LFS / SMF

No.	作者	年份	物种数/反应数	验证燃料	验证参数
1	P. Glarborg，et al^[58]	2018	151 / 1397	NH₃/ H₂/ C₁-C₂	-
2	J. Otomo，et al^[85]	2018	32 / 213	NH₃/ H₂	IDT / LFS
3	MEI Bowen，et al^[86]	2019	38 / 265	NH₃	LFS
5	HAN Xinlu，et al^[87]	2020	35 / 177	NH₃/ syngas	IDT/LFS
6	DAI Liming，et al^[65]	2020	151 / 1392	NH₃/ H₂	IDT
7	ZHANG Xiaoyuan，et al^[76]	2021	38 / 263	NH₃/ H₂	SMF
8	P. K. Shrestha，et al^[71]	2021	125 / 1 099	NH₃/ H₂/ DME	LFS
9	TANG Ruoyue，et al^[77]	2022	35 / 211	NH₃	SMF
10	LIAO Wanxiong，et al^[66]	2022	38 / 262	NH₃/ H₂	IDT/SMF
11	P. Glarborg^[88]	2022	41 / 270	NH₃	SMF
12	A. Stagni，et al^[89]	2023	31 / 205	NH₃	IDT / SMF
13	ZHOU Shangkun，et al^[81]	2023	169 / 1268	NH₃/ H₂/ CH₄/ CO	IDT / LFS / SMF
14	ZHU Yuxiang，et al^[82]	2024	43 / 312	NH₃/ H₂/ CH₄/ C₂H₆	IDT / LFS / SMF
15	ZHANG Ridong，et al^[83]	2024	31 / 214	NH₃/ H₂	IDT / LFS / SMF

Overview of the combustion of ammonia-hydrogen internal combustion engines

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