Abstract: This paper summarizes the developments for vehicles and fuels in an energy and environmentally
constrained world to solve transportation problems of air pollution, energy insecurity, and climate change. The
results show that as the regulatory landscape in Europe and North America has recently moved to reductions
of greenhouse gas emission caused by motor vehicles, efficient vehicle technologies and low-carbon fuels will
play increasingly important roles in the transportation sector. Globally, multiple solutions are being pursued. Such
solutions include efficient vehicle technologies, clean fuels, alternative fuels (including biofuels, advanced biofuels),
and electric drive technologies such as hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and battery-powered electric vehicles. Strong
regulatory requirements for energy conservation and emission reductions for motor vehicles can continue to provide
a platform and incentives for research, development, and deployment of these vehicle and fuel technologies.

Key words: greenhouse gas emissions, fuel consumption standards, electric drive technologies, biofuels, alternative fuels