In-searching for highest system efficiency of commercial vehicle powertrains

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2020.04.002

Abstract

Abstract:

Energy safety and environmental concerns make improving the efficiency of vehicle systems a hot research object. This paper summarizes and compares the efficiencies of vehicle powertrain systems in various energy sources, such as internal combustion engine, pure electric, fuel cells and hybrid systems. With the advancement of combustion technology, high-pressure common rail fuel injection system, hybrid and other technologies, the thermal efficiency of the internal combustion vehicle powertrain has been increased from 30% in 1960 to current about 50%. However, the challenge of continuing to improve the thermal efficiency of internal combustion engine-based powertrains will grow. At present, the transportation industry is focusing on pure electric and hydrogen-fueled proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) powertrains, and has made progress in industrialization. Pure electric powertrans, due to the battery’s own weight and charging rate problems, limit its application in the long-distance freight market space. Hydrogen fuel cells still have great challenges in hydrogen storage and transportation. This paper points out that the metal support solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) has the advantages of energy diversification and high energy conversion efficiency. In recent years, the third generation of metal-supported SOFC have also improved their start-up duration, start-up times and durability. With the further improvement of its power density and fast start performance, the industrialization of efficient solid oxide fuel cell vehicle powertrans will become a reality in the future.

Key words: internal-combustion engine, hybrid powertrain, pure electric powertrain, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), system efficiency of vehicle

CLC Number:

U469

HU Haoran, YUAN Yuebo, AN Lisha, WANG Hewu. In-searching for highest system efficiency of commercial vehicle powertrains[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2020, 11(4): 428-443.

Figures/Tables 28

References 49

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技术	描述	优势
先进燃烧技术	$\bullet$汽油发动机的直接喷射分层燃烧、控制自动点火（CAI）。 $\bullet$低温燃烧技术,如均质混合气压缩点火（HCCI）、预混合压缩点火 (PCCI)、柴油发动机的反应控制压缩点火(RCCI)。	$\bullet$CAI 可比传统的火花点火汽油发动机实现更高的效率。 $\bullet$低温燃烧可显著减少燃烧过程中NO和Soot的形成。 $\bullet$HCCI 发动机可以使用汽油、柴油和大多数替代燃料。
先进气门驱动技术	$\bullet$可变气门 (VVA) 包括可变气门升程、可变凸轮相位、气缸停用、无凸轮技术。	$\bullet$汽油发动机部分负载工况下节省燃油。
先进增压技术	$\bullet$双涡轮增压技术。 $\bullet$超级涡轮增压（涡轮增压器和电动增压器组合）技术。 $\bullet$电动增压器技术。	$\bullet$燃油经济性改善。 $\bullet$改进瞬态和零负载工况下操作性能。
先进燃油喷射技术	$\bullet$超高压共轨燃油喷射技术。	$\bullet$改进燃油经济性。 $\bullet$减排。
热能管理和回收技术	$\bullet$涡轮组合技术。 $\bullet$排气热能回收技术,如Rankine Cycle和热电技术。	$\bullet$发动机燃油经济性改善。
先进摩擦技术	$\bullet$高级润滑油。 $\bullet$先进的材料和设计。 $\bullet$附件电气化。	$\bullet$燃油经济性改善。
先进发动机设计	$\bullet$对置活塞发动机 $\bullet$空气混合动力发动机	$\bullet$燃油经济性改进。 $\bullet$重量轻。

技术	描述	优势
先进燃烧技术	$\bullet$汽油发动机的直接喷射分层燃烧、控制自动点火（CAI）。 $\bullet$低温燃烧技术,如均质混合气压缩点火（HCCI）、预混合压缩点火 (PCCI)、柴油发动机的反应控制压缩点火(RCCI)。	$\bullet$CAI 可比传统的火花点火汽油发动机实现更高的效率。 $\bullet$低温燃烧可显著减少燃烧过程中NO和Soot的形成。 $\bullet$HCCI 发动机可以使用汽油、柴油和大多数替代燃料。
先进气门驱动技术	$\bullet$可变气门 (VVA) 包括可变气门升程、可变凸轮相位、气缸停用、无凸轮技术。	$\bullet$汽油发动机部分负载工况下节省燃油。
先进增压技术	$\bullet$双涡轮增压技术。 $\bullet$超级涡轮增压（涡轮增压器和电动增压器组合）技术。 $\bullet$电动增压器技术。	$\bullet$燃油经济性改善。 $\bullet$改进瞬态和零负载工况下操作性能。
先进燃油喷射技术	$\bullet$超高压共轨燃油喷射技术。	$\bullet$改进燃油经济性。 $\bullet$减排。
热能管理和回收技术	$\bullet$涡轮组合技术。 $\bullet$排气热能回收技术,如Rankine Cycle和热电技术。	$\bullet$发动机燃油经济性改善。
先进摩擦技术	$\bullet$高级润滑油。 $\bullet$先进的材料和设计。 $\bullet$附件电气化。	$\bullet$燃油经济性改善。
先进发动机设计	$\bullet$对置活塞发动机 $\bullet$空气混合动力发动机	$\bullet$燃油经济性改进。 $\bullet$重量轻。

种类	电解质	燃料	氧化剂	催化剂	腐蚀性	工作温度/ ℃	发电效率/ %	应用
SOFC	氧化锆 / 氧化铈	H₂ /天然气、酒精等	空气、O₂	锰酸镧、镍	无	500~1 000	50 ~65	固定式发电,道路车辆APU
PEMFC	含氟质子交换膜	H₂	空气、O₂	铂	无	25~100	45~55	固定式发电,叉车和道路车辆
MCFC	KCO₃ / LiCO₃	H₂、天然气、等	空气、O₂	镍合金、氧化镍	强	600~700	50~55	固定式发电
PAFC	H₃PO₄	H₂	空气、O₂	铂	强	100~200	40~45	固定式发电
AFC	KOH / NaOH	H₂	O₂	铂或镍等非贵金属	强	50~100	65	固定式发电

种类	电解质	燃料	氧化剂	催化剂	腐蚀性	工作温度/ ℃	发电效率/ %	应用
SOFC	氧化锆 / 氧化铈	H₂ /天然气、酒精等	空气、O₂	锰酸镧、镍	无	500~1 000	50 ~65	固定式发电,道路车辆APU
PEMFC	含氟质子交换膜	H₂	空气、O₂	铂	无	25~100	45~55	固定式发电,叉车和道路车辆
MCFC	KCO₃ / LiCO₃	H₂、天然气、等	空气、O₂	镍合金、氧化镍	强	600~700	50~55	固定式发电
PAFC	H₃PO₄	H₂	空气、O₂	铂	强	100~200	40~45	固定式发电
AFC	KOH / NaOH	H₂	O₂	铂或镍等非贵金属	强	50~100	65	固定式发电

国家	乘用车	公交车及客车	卡车	叉车	加氢站
美国	7 271	35	-	30 000	42
中国	0	2 000 ~	1 500 ~	2	23
欧洲	1 000 ~	76	100	300	152
日本	3 219	18	-	160	127