质子交换膜燃料电池散热优化及废热—储氢系统耦合

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2025.06.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为了减少质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）运行中废热影响性能，并提高能量利用率，在传统的单直流冷却通道的基础上，对PEMFC的输出特性与冷却条件进行了数值优化，构建了PEMFC与金属氢化物储氢反应器的热能耦合模型。结果表明：PEMFC在333 K、1.41 A/cm²的工况下，输出达561.2 W；最佳冷却条件（燃料电池产生的热量可完全驱动储氢反应器放氢）为：进水温度330 K、流速15 cm/s。在第334~3 615 s之间，该系统稳定运行，储氢罐温度维持在314 K，总供电量0.78 kWh。因而，优化PEMFC运行参数，可实现发电与储氢系统的高效热耦合。

关键词: 质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）, 金属氢化物储氢反应器, 输出特性, 耦合系统, 废热利用

Abstract:

In order to reduce the impact of waste heat on performance in the operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and to improve energy utilization efficiency during the operation of the PEMFC, the numerical optimizations of PEMFC’s output characteristics and cooling conditions were carried out based on the traditional single direct current cooling channel, with a thermal coupling model being established between PEMFC and metal hydride hydrogen storage reactor. The results show that PEMFC achieves an output of 561.2 W under the operating conditions of 333 K and 1.41 A/cm²; the optimal cooling conditions, where the heat generated by the fuel cell can fully drive hydrogen release from the hydrogen storage reactor, are an inlet water temperature of 330 K and a flow rate of 15 cm/s. The system operates stably, the temperature of the hydrogen storage tank is maintained at 314 K, and the total power supply reaches 0.78 kWh during the period from 334 s to 3 615 s. Therefore, optimizing the operating parameters of PEMFC enables efficient thermal coupling between the power generation and hydrogen storage systems.

Key words: proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), metal hydride hydrogen storage reactors, output characteristics, coupling systems, waste heat utilization

中图分类号:

TM911.4

郎冬余, 包钢, 张树, 于震宇, 孙嘉鸿, 谢华清. 质子交换膜燃料电池散热优化及废热—储氢系统耦合[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2025, 16(6): 905-913.

LANG Dongyu, BAO Gang, ZHANG Shu, YU Zhenyu, SUN Jiahong, XIE Huaqing. Optimization of heat dissipation in proton exchange membrane fuel cells and coupling of waste heat-hydrogen storage system[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2025, 16(6): 905-913.

图/表 18

图1 不同工作温度时输出功率随电流密度的变化

图2 333 K PEMFC功率和输出电压随电流密度的变化

气体扩散层厚度	0.30 mm
气体扩散层孔隙率，	0.80
催化层厚度	20 μm
催化层孔隙率，	0.50
集流板高度	1.30 mm
气体流道高度	0.60 mm
气体流道宽度	4.0 mm
燃料电池长度	25.0 mm
燃料电池宽度	8.0 mm
冷却水管半径	0.20 mm

表1 PEMFC几何参数和空隙率

	ρ / (kg·dm^-3)	k / (W·m^-1·K^-1)	c_p / (kJ·kg^-1·K^-1)
质子交换膜	1.00	0.20	4.000
集流板	7.85	44.50	4.751
气体扩散层	0.20	25.00	0.700
催化层密度	2.00	8.00	0.700

表2 PEMFC热力学参数表

图3 单直流冷却通道PEMFC模型图

网格数量	T / K
网格数量	电池	质子交换膜
117 738	332.81	332.93
228 541	332.79	332.90
451 833	332.69	332.80
1 194 962	332.68	332.78

表3 网格无关性验证

图4 不同进水流速下冷却水温度沿流道方向的变化

图5 电池、交换膜、冷却水温度随冷却水流速的变化

图6 不同进水温度对PEMFC各参数的影响

图7 不同进水温度下集流板冷却流道温度分布

图8 不同输出电压对PEMFC各参数的影响

图9 不同输出电压下冷却水管出口截面温度分布云图

图10 低进水温度组和高进水温度组的电池平均温度、电池温差和膜内温差随进水流速的变化情况

图11 实验与模拟结果比较

图12 耦合系统Simulink模型图

图13 耦合系统运行中储氢罐温度和压力

图14 耦合系统运行中平均储氢分数ω

图15 耦合系统运行中热量变化

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