汽车碰撞强度和先进约束系统参数对乘员损伤的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2025.05.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 针对整车碰撞中先进约束系统匹配问题，统计分析某公司近3年整车正面刚性墙碰撞试验车辆乘员载荷准则（OLC）和先进约束系统参数分布频率；建立有限元仿真矩阵；采用Kruskal-Wallis非参数检验和Spearman相关分析方法，研究OLC和约束系统参数对乘员损伤的影响机制。结果显示：OLC的增大能显著增加乘员各部位损伤严重度（相关性系数ρ = 0.66，显著性p < 0.01），气囊泄气孔径和卷收器点火时间（TTF）均不会显著影响乘员损伤风险。安全带第一级限力水平和头部损伤为负相关，但和胸部压缩量为强正相关。使用腰部预紧（PLP）预紧腰带和动态锁舌（CLT）切断安全带力的传递，能轻微减小胸部压缩量，并且能加强乘员髋部约束，减少髋部及下肢前移，减轻下肢和内饰的碰撞强度，显著降低乘员下肢损伤风险。

关键词: 汽车安全, 乘员损伤, 碰撞强度, 先进约束系统, 腰部预紧（PLP）, 动态锁舌（CLT）

Abstract:

Aiming at the matching problem of advanced restraint system in vehicle crashes, the distribution frequencies of vehicle Occupant Load Criterion (OLC) and the advanced restraint system parameters during the frontal rigid barrier collisions conducted over the recent three-year of a company were statistically analyzed. A Finite Element (FE) for crash simulation matrix was established. The Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test and the Spearman correlation analysis methods were used to investigate the vehicle OLC effect and the restraint system parameters on occupant injuries. The results show that the increased OLC significantly increases the occupant injuries severities (the correlation coefficient ρ=0.66, the significance p value<0.01) while the airbag vent size and the retractor TTF (time to fire) cannot significantly affect occupant injuries. The increased seatbelt first-level load limiter mitigates head injury but increases chest compression. Using the Pyrotechnic Lap Pretension (PLP) to pretension lap belt and the Crash Locking Tongue (CLT) to cut off the transfer of seatbelt forces can slightly decrease the chest compression. Moreover, the occupant hip restraint is enhanced and the movements of hip and legs are reduced, which alleviate the vehicle interior-leg impact severity and significantly reduce the lower limbs injury risks.

Key words: vehicle safety, occupant injury, impact severity, advanced restraint system, pyrotechnic lap pretension (PLP), crash locking tongue (CLT)

中图分类号:

U461.91

邓功勋, 蔡娅妮, 雷飞兵, 刘恒金, 漆露霖, 樊瑜波. 汽车碰撞强度和先进约束系统参数对乘员损伤的影响[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2025, 16(5): 698-706.

DENG Gongxun, CAI Yani, LEI Feibing, LIU Hengjin, QI Lulin, FAN Yubo. Effect of vehicle crash severity and advanced restraint system parameters on occupant injuries[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2025, 16(5): 698-706.

图/表 16

参考文献 21

[1]	肖志, 叶映台, 李凡, 等. 汽车正面碰撞中驾驶员侧约束系统的可靠性优化[J]. 汽车工程, 2011, 33(8): 676-679.
	XIAO Zhi, YE Yintai, LI Fan, et al. Reliability optimization of driver side restraint system for vehicle frontal crash[J]. Automo Engineering, 2011, 33(8): 676-679. (in Chinese)
[2]	田钰楠, 郝琪, 毛怡, 等. 正面碰撞安全气囊点火时刻的研究[J]. 机械科学与技术, 2022, 41(2): 295-299.
	TIAN Yunan, HAO Qi, MAO Yi, et al. Study on airbag optimal ignition time in frontal impact[J]. Mech Sci Tech, 2022, 41(2): 295-299. (in Chinese)
[3]	田钰楠, 郝琪, 刘宇, 等. 正面碰撞条件下驾驶员安全气囊的匹配优化[J]. 汽车技术, 2022(4): 38-43.
	TIAN Yunan, HAO Qi, LIU Yu, et al. Driver airbag matching optimization in the frontal impact[J]. Automo Tech, 2022(4): 38-43. (in Chinese)
[4]	葛如海, 顾瑶芝, 蔡朝阳, 等. 正面碰撞前后双气室气囊的设计与优化[J]. 汽车工程, 2019, 41(4): 411-416.
	GE Ruhai, GU Yaozhi, CAI Chaoyang, et al. Design and optimization of a tandem airbag with double chambers for frontal crash[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2019, 41(4): 411-416. (in Chinese)
[5]	Valdano M, Jiménez-Octavio J R, Lopez-Valdes F J. The effect of seatbelt pre-tensioners and load limiters in the reduction of MAIS 2+, MAIS 3+, and fatal injuries in real-world frontal crashes[J]. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2023, 190(9): 1-6.
[6]	XIAO Sen, YANG Jikuang, Crandall J R. Investigation of chest injury mechanism caused by different seatbelt loads in frontal impact[J]. Acta Bioeng Biomech, 2017, 19(3): 53-62. pmid: 29205223
[7]	XIAO Sen, MO Fuhao, YANG Jikuang, et al. The influence of impact speed on chest injury outcome in whole body frontal sled impacts[J]. Transport, 2020, 35(6): 669-678. doi: 10.3846/transport.2020.14280 URL
[8]	WANG Cong, ZHOU Qing. Concept study of adaptive seatbelt load limiter using magnetorheological fluid[C]//21st Int’l Tech Conf Enha Safe Vehi Conf (ESV), Stuttgart. 2009: 1-11.
[9]	周青, 姬佩君, 黄毅, 等. 未来交通事故场景中乘员智能保护的挑战与机遇[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2017, 8(4): 333-350.
	ZHOU Qing, JI Peijun, HUANG Yi, et al. Challenges and opportunities of smart occupant protection against motor vehicle collision accidents in future traffic environment[J]. J Automo Safe Energy, 2017, 8(4): 333-350. (in Chinese)
[10]	黄毅. 考虑乘员身材和碰撞强度差异的约束系统影响参数研究[D]. 清华大学, 2014.
	HUANG Yi. Study of occupant restraint system and injury response concerning influences of occupant state and crash severity[D]. Tsinghua University, 2014. (in Chinese)
[11]	Ekambaram K, Frampton R, Jackson L. Adapting load limiter deployment for frontal crash diversity[J]. Traffic Injury Prevention, 2019, 20(S2): S43-S49.
[12]	曹立波, 张超, 颜凌波, 等. 两车斜角碰撞工况下的约束系统优化趋势分析[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2019, 10(3): 308-316.
	CAO Libo, ZHANG Chao, YAN Lingbo, et al. Analysis of the optimization trend of restraint system in two car oblique crash[J]. J Autom Safe Energy, 2019, 10(3): 308-316. (in Chinese)
[13]	颜凌波, 张超, 许伟, 等. 车对车斜角碰撞中灵敏因子的探究和约束系统的优化[J]. 汽车工程, 2018, 40(10): 1158-1165.
	YAN Lingbo, ZHANG Chao, XU Wei, et al. The search for sensitive factors and the optimization on restraint system in car-to-car oblique crash[J]. Automo Engineering, 2018, 40(10): 1158-1165. (in Chinese)
[14]	黄广奕, 周澄靖, 陈虹吉, 等. PLP在车辆正碰乘员胸部保护中的作用研究[C]// 2019中国汽车工程学会年会, 2019中国汽车工程学会年会论文集(5): 2081-2085.
	HUANG Guangyi, ZHOU Chengjing, CHEN Hongji, et al. Research on the role of PLP in passenger protection in vehicle front impact[C]// Proc China SAE Cong, 2019(5): 2081-2085. (in Chinese)
[15]	DENG Gongxun, XU Tuo, PENG Yong, et al. Validated numerical unrestrained occupant-seat crash scenarios for high-speed trains integrating experimental, computational, and inverse methods[J]. Traffic Injury Prevention, 2024, 25(4): 640-648. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2024.2335558 pmid: 38578292
[16]	DENG Gongxun, PENG Yong, HOU Lin, et al. A novel simplified FE rail vehicle model in longitudinal and lateral collisions[J]. Machines, 2022, 10(12): 1-20. doi: 10.3390/machines10010001 URL
[17]	李治祥, 祝丹晖, 张佳欢. 基于机器学习的变形模式控制耐撞性优化[J]. 汽车工程, 2024, 46(12): 2220-2231.
	LI Zhixiang, ZHU Danhui, ZHANG Jiahuan. Machine learning based crashworthiness optimization with structural deformation mode control[J]. Automo Engineering, 2024, 46(12): 2220-2231. (in Chinese)
[18]	Santner T J, Williams B J, Notz W I. The design and analysis of computer experiments[M]. New York: Springer, 2018: 145-200.
[19]	邓功勋, 许拓, 胡正晟, 等. 高速列车乘员二次碰撞损伤试验研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2024, 60: 1-10.
	DENG Gongxun, XU Tuo, HU Zhengsheng, et al. Experimental Study on Occupant Secondary Impact Injury for High-speed Trains[J]. J Mech Eng, 2024, 60: 1-10. (in Chinese)
[20]	裴永生, 刘壮, 张世哲. 基于人体生物力学有限元模型的约束系统参数优化[J]. 汽车技术, 2022(10): 30-36.
	PEI Yongsheng, LIU Zhuang, ZHANG Shizhe. Parameter optimization of the restraint system based on the finite element model of human biomechanics[J]. Automo Tech, 2022(10): 30-36. (in Chinese)
[21]	施志平, 陈虹吉, 周澄靖, 等. 正撞工况下动态锁舌性能研究和优化方案[J]. 汽车工程, 2020, 42(10): 1428-1433, 1439. doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2020.10.018
	SHI Zhiping, CHEN Hongji, ZHOU Chengjing, et al. Performance research and optimization schemes of dynamic locking tongue in frontal crash[J]. Automo Engineering, 2020, 42(10): 1428-1433, 1439. (in Chinese)

评价指标	CFC	CORA
头部加速度	1 000	0.78
胸部加速度	600	0.71
骨盆加速度	1 000	0.80
胸部压缩位移	180	0.85
肩带力B3	60	0.80
腰带力B6	60	0.78

评价指标	CFC	CORA
头部加速度	1 000	0.78
胸部加速度	600	0.71
骨盆加速度	1 000	0.80
胸部压缩位移	180	0.85
肩带力B3	60	0.80
腰带力B6	60	0.78

乘员载荷准则OLC / g	25、26、27、28、29、30、31、32、33、34、35
气囊泄气孔径 / mm	20、25、30
气囊点火时间 / ms	15、18、20
安全带限力等级* / Nm	32、49、60、49+26、49+36、60+26、60+36、70+26、70+36
卷收器点火时间 / ms	13、16、19
PLP + CLT**	0、1

乘员载荷准则OLC / g	25、26、27、28、29、30、31、32、33、34、35
气囊泄气孔径 / mm	20、25、30
气囊点火时间 / ms	15、18、20
安全带限力等级* / Nm	32、49、60、49+26、49+36、60+26、60+36、70+26、70+36
卷收器点火时间 / ms	13、16、19
PLP + CLT**	0、1

评价指标	损伤阈值
HIC	500~700
a_3-ms	72g~80g
F_x_{, ne}	1.9~3.1 kN
F_z_{, ne}	2.7~3.3 kN
M_y_{, ne}	42~57 Nm
D_ch	22~50 mm
F_z_{, fe}	3.80~9.07 kN
S_kn	6~15 mm
F_z_{, ti}	2~8 kN
TI	0.4~1.3