21700锂离子电池在不同SOC下的热失控实验研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.02.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为提升电池热安全、减少新能源汽车热灾害，揭示不同荷电状态（SOC）下对电池热失控危害的影响机制。在SOC为100%~0%几个荷电状态下研究了21700锂电池的热失控特性，包括电池在热失控当中的表面温度、工作电压、质量损失、能量、TNT当量和破坏半径等。结果表明：电池的温升幅度随SOC的增大而升高，高电量电池热失控触发所需的时间更短，100%SOC电池在603 s触发热失控，相比于25%SOC缩短了59.1%，其危险系数更大；SOC越大，电池热失控后的质量损失也越大；电池热失控过程释放的能量、TNT当量与破坏半径均随SOC的增加而增大，电池的热失控危害性与SOC之间呈现出正相关关系。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 荷电状态（SOC）, 热失控, 破坏半径

Abstract:

The influence mechanism of different states of charge (SOC) on the thermal runaway hazard of batteries was revealed to improve the thermal safety of batteries and reduce the thermal disasters of new energy vehicles. The thermal runaway characteristics of 21700 lithium batteries were investigated under several SOC ranging from 100% to 0%, including the surface temperature, operating voltage, mass loss, energy, TNT equivalent, and damage radius of the batteries during thermal runaway. The results show that the temperature rise of the battery rises with the increase of SOC, and the time needed to trigger the thermal runaway of high power battery is shorter, 100% SOC battery triggers the thermal runaway in 603 s, which is 59.1% shorter than 25% SOC, and the risk factor is greater; the larger the SOC, the larger the mass loss of the battery after the thermal runaway; the energy released during the process of the thermal runaway, the TNT equivalent and the radius of destruction all increase with the increase of SOC, and there is a positive correlation between the thermal runaway hazard of the battery and SOC.

Key words: lithium battery, state of charge(SOC), thermal runaway, radius of destruction

中图分类号:

X932
TM911

朱亚宁, 张振东, 盛雷, 陈龙, 朱泽华, 付林祥, 毕青. 21700锂离子电池在不同SOC下的热失控实验研究[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2024, 15(2): 218-225.

ZHU Yaning, ZHANG Zhendong, SHENG Lei, CHEN Long, ZHU Zehua, FU Linxiang, BI Qing. Experimental study on thermal runaway of 21700 Li-ion battery under different charging conditions[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2024, 15(2): 218-225.

图/表 14

尺寸	21.0 mm × 70.0 mm
质量	69.0 g
容量	5.0 Ah
额定电压/	3.65 V
充/放电截止电压	4.2 / 2.5 V

表1 电池参数

图1 电池最大可用容量测试仪器布置示意图

图2 不同环境温度下电池最大可用容量变化情况

SOC / %	C_rated / Ah	C_max / Ah	C_fact / Ah
100	5.0	4.98	4.98
75	5.0	4.95	3.71
50	5.0	4.96	2.48
25	5.0	4.94	1.24
0	5.0	4.98	0

表2 不同SOC电池在25 ℃时的容量

工况	SOC / %	SOH / %
a	100	100
b	75	100
c	50	100
d	25	100
e	0	100

表3 实验工况

图3 实验平台示意图

工况	SOC / %	t₀ / s	是否起火	t_fire / s
A	100	603	是	40
B	75	836	是	31
C	50	1 169	是	23
D	25	1 472	是	11
E	0	-	否	-

表4 五组工况的热失控时间

图4 各工况下电池热失控后燃烧现象以及热失控结束后电池外观

图5 不同SOC下电池质量损失

图6 工况A电池表面温度-时间变化曲线

图7 5组工况电池表面温度-时间变化曲线与特征温度

SOC / %	θ₂ / ℃	θ_peak / ℃	ΔH / kJ	W_TNT / g	R / m
100	172.5	500.1	20.65	4.58	1.85
75	190.9	489.6	18.83	4.18	1.79
50	204.9	415.9	13.31	2.96	1.58
25	224.4	342.8	7.46	1.66	1.27

表5 不同SOC电池的能量、TNT当量值与破坏半径

图8 工况A电池电压-时间变化曲线

图9 5组工况电池电压-时间变化曲线

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