Development status and challenges of vehicle terminals in intelligent and connected environments

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.03.002

Abstract

Abstract:

With the rapid advancement of intelligent connected technology, the functionalities of intelligent vehicular terminals equipped in connected vehicles have correspondingly expanded. After decades of development, these intelligent vehicular terminal systems have made significant progress in various domains and demonstrated substantial potential in the field of autonomous driving. This paper begins with the current status of intelligent vehicular terminals within the connected environment, describes the architecture of these systems, and reviews their evolutionary journey facilitated by intra-vehicle communication and vehicle-to-road cooperative empowerment. Furthermore, the paper delves into the profound impact of innovations in vehicular network wireless communication technology in the 5G era on the development of intelligent vehicular terminals. It also thoroughly reviews recent research achievements in cooperative driving and control, edge computing and fog computing, and digital twinning, while also anticipating the challenges these terminals face in information security and autonomous driving testing.

Key words: autonomous driving technology, on-board units, connectivity, vehicle-to-everything (V2X), vehicle communication

CLC Number:

U491

ZHANG Yongsheng, LI Yizhou, WANG Liang, XU Zhigang. Development status and challenges of vehicle terminals in intelligent and connected environments[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2024, 15(3): 295-308.

Figures/Tables 10

References 98

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OBU	平台供应商	IEEE WAVE	ETSI ITS	ARIB STD-T109	SAE J2735
LocoMate OBU	Arada Systems	支持	不支持	不支持	支持
PANGEA4	Autotalks	支持	支持	支持	不支持
EVK-3300、 TS3306	Kapsch TrafficCom	支持	支持	不支持	支持
MK5 OBU	Cohda Wireless	支持	支持	不支持	支持
MobiWAVE	Savari Networks	支持	不支持	不支持	支持

OBU	平台供应商	IEEE WAVE	ETSI ITS	ARIB STD-T109	SAE J2735
LocoMate OBU	Arada Systems	支持	不支持	不支持	支持
PANGEA4	Autotalks	支持	支持	支持	不支持
EVK-3300、 TS3306	Kapsch TrafficCom	支持	支持	不支持	支持
MK5 OBU	Cohda Wireless	支持	支持	不支持	支持
MobiWAVE	Savari Networks	支持	不支持	不支持	支持

无线通信技术	描述
蓝牙	为微型、低成本、低功耗设备设计，用于短距离传输数字音频和数据。
Wi-Fi	基于IEEE 802.11标准的无线网络通信技术，为IVI提供互联网服务。
BLE ^[39]	指低功耗蓝牙，适用于短距离射频设备进行连接。
ZigBee ^[40]	一种开放的全球标准无线技术，旨在应对无线物联网网络在低成本和低电池供电设备方面面临的挑战。
UWB ^[41]	指超宽带无线通信技术，具有低功耗、高传输速率、定位精确的特性。
DSRC	提供高速数据传输、中短距离通讯服务，广泛应用于V2V，V2I通信。
LTE ^[42]	一种基于正交频分复用调制方式的无线通信技术，用于车机与交通其他参与方的联系。
60 GHz 毫米波^[43]	在短距离内支持多Gb/s的无线连接，适用于带宽密集型多媒体应用

无线通信技术	描述
蓝牙	为微型、低成本、低功耗设备设计，用于短距离传输数字音频和数据。
Wi-Fi	基于IEEE 802.11标准的无线网络通信技术，为IVI提供互联网服务。
BLE ^[39]	指低功耗蓝牙，适用于短距离射频设备进行连接。
ZigBee ^[40]	一种开放的全球标准无线技术，旨在应对无线物联网网络在低成本和低电池供电设备方面面临的挑战。
UWB ^[41]	指超宽带无线通信技术，具有低功耗、高传输速率、定位精确的特性。
DSRC	提供高速数据传输、中短距离通讯服务，广泛应用于V2V，V2I通信。
LTE ^[42]	一种基于正交频分复用调制方式的无线通信技术，用于车机与交通其他参与方的联系。
60 GHz 毫米波^[43]	在短距离内支持多Gb/s的无线连接，适用于带宽密集型多媒体应用

关键技术指标	DSRC	C-V2X
网络覆盖	有限覆盖	广域覆盖
通信场景	V2V、V2I	V2V、V2I、V2N、V2P
时延	不确定	10 ms(Rel 15标准) ^[50]
可靠性	不保障	>95%(Rel 15标准) ^[50]
峰值速率	6 Mbps	31 Mbps
同步	松散异步	严格的同步要求
调制模式	OFDM	SC-FDM
信道编码	卷积码	Turbo 代码
并发传输	不支持	支持
资源分配	CSMA/CA	基于感知的半持续调度
资源复用	仅支持时分复用	支持时分复用和频分复用