Lithium plating identification based on electrochemical impedance spectra of lithium ion batteries

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2021.04.016

Abstract

Abstract:

The EIS-Ohm method and the EIS-SEI method were proposed based on the variation tendency of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in different temperatures for the lithium ion batteries with and without lithium plating, and the equivalent circuit model was applied to fit the Ohmic impedance and the solid-electrolyte interface impedance in the EIS respectively. With temperature increase, the EIS of the lithium plating batteries showed an increase and then a decrease in Ohmic impedance, while the impedance at the solid-electrolyte interface showed a smaller change. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chemical methods were used to determine the morphology and chemical transformation of the plating lithium metal from the electrode surface. The feasibility of two lithium identification methods was discussed by combining the operating temperature (-10~60 °C) and detection time (> 21 min) of the battery. The results show that the two detection methods developed based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy can clearly identify the lithium plating, and the rapid, non-dissembling identification methods have important applications for battery life and safety management.

Key words: lithium ion battery, electrochemical impedance spectra, lithium plating identification, Ohmic impedance, interface impedance

CLC Number:

TM911.3

DONG Peng, ZHANG Jianbo, WANG Zhenpo. Lithium plating identification based on electrochemical impedance spectra of lithium ion batteries[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2021, 12(4): 570-579.

Figures/Tables 9

References 27

[1]	LI Zhe, HUANG Jun, Liaw B Y, et al. A review of lithium deposition in lithium-ion and lithium metal secondary batteries[J]. *J Power Sources, 2014, 254*:168-182. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.12.099 URL
[2]	Petzl M, Kasper M, Danzer M A. Lithium plating in a commercial lithium-ion battery - A low-temperature aging study[J]. *J Power Sources, 2015, 275*:799-807. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.11.065 URL
[3]	Steiger J, Kramer D, Mönig R. Microscopic observations of the formation, growth and shrinkage of lithium moss during electrodeposition and dissolution[J]. *Electrochimica Acta, 2014, 136*:529-536. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.05.120 URL
[4]	Sagane F, Shimokawa R, Sano H, et al. In-situ scanning electron microscopy observations of Li plating and stripping reactions at the lithium phosphorus oxynitride glass electrolyte/Cu interface[J]. *J Power Sources, 2013, 225*:245-250. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.10.026 URL
[5]	Park G, Gunawardhana N, Nakamura H, et al. Suppression of Li deposition on surface of graphite using carbon coating by thermal vapor deposition process[J]. *J Power Sources, 2011, 196*(22):9820-9824. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.07.006 URL
[6]	Wood K N, Teeter G. XPS on Li-battery-related compounds: Analysis of inorganic SEI phases and a methodology for charge correction[J]. *ACS Appl Energ Mater*, 2018, 1(9):4493-4504. doi: 10.1021/acsaem.8b00406 URL
[7]	GE Hao, Aoki T, Ikeda N, et al. Investigating Lithium Plating in Lithium-Ion Batteries at Low Temperatures Using Electrochemical Model with NMR Assisted Parameterization[J]. *J Electrochem Soc, 2017, 164*(6):A1050-A1060. doi: 10.1149/2.0461706jes URL
[8]	Zinth V, Von Lüders C, Hofmann M, et al. Lithium plating in lithium-ion batteries at sub-ambient temperatures investigated by in situ neutron diffraction[J]. *J Power Sources, 2014, 271*:152-159. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.07.168 URL
[9]	Bitzer B, Gruhle A. A new method for detecting lithium plating by measuring the cell thickness[J]. *J Power Sources, 2014, 262*:297-302. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.03.142 URL
[10]	Downie L E, Krause L J, Burns J C, et al. In situ detection of lithium plating on graphite electrodes by electrochemical calorimetry[J]. *J Electrochem Soc, 2013, 160*(4):A588-A594. doi: 10.1149/2.049304jes URL
[11]	CHEN Xiang, LI Liangyu, LIU Mengmeng, et al. Detection of lithium plating in lithium-ion batteries by distribution of relaxation times[J]. *J Power Sources, 2021, 496*:229867-229876. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.229867 URL
[12]	Waldmann T, Wohlfahrt-Mehrens M. Effects of rest time after Li plating on safety behavior: ARC tests with commercial high-energy 18650 Li-ion cells[J]. *Electrochimica Acta, 2017, 230*:454-460. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.02.036 URL
[13]	Petzl M, Danzer M A. Nondestructive detection, characterization, and quantification of lithium plating in commercial lithium-ion batteries[J]. *J Power Sources, 2014, 254*:80-87. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.12.060 URL
[14]	张剑波, 苏来锁, 李新宇, 等. 基于锂离子电池老化行为的析锂检测[J]. 电化学, 2016, 22(6):607-616.
	ZHANG Jianbo, SU Laisuo, LI Xinyu, et al. Lithium plating identification from degradation behaviors of lithium-ion cells[J]. J Electrochem, 2016, 22(6):607-616. (in Chinese)
[15]	ZHANG Yakun, LI Xinyu, SU Laisuo, et al. Lithium plating detection and quantification in Li-ion cells from degradation behaviors[J]. *Ecs Transactions*, 2017, 75(23):37-50.
[16]	WU Xiaogang, WANG Wenbo, DU Jiuyu. Effect of charge rate on capacity degradation of LiFePO4 power battery at low temperature[J]. *Int’l J Energ Res*, 2019, 44(3):1775-1788.
[17]	任东生. 锂离子动力电池全生命周期热失控机理、建模与安全管理[J]. 北京:清华大学, 2019.
	REN Dongsheng, Thermal runaway of lithium-ion power battery during the whole life cycle: mechanism, modeling and safety mangement[D]. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2019. (in Chinese)
[18]	Waag W, Käbitz S, Sauer D U. Experimental investigation of the lithium-ion battery impedance characteristic at various conditions and aging states and its influence on the application[J]. *Appl Energ, 2013, 102*:885-897. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.09.030 URL
[19]	TANG Yiwei, JIA Ming, AI Lihua, et al. Capacity fade analysis of the lithium-ion power battery cycling process based on an electrochemical-thermal coupling model[J]. *Energ Tech*, 2015, 3(12):1250-1259. doi: 10.1002/ente.201500196 URL
[20]	LI Shiyou, HAN Yamin, GENG Tongtong, et al. Investigation on the temperature tolerance of LiMn₂O₄ in lithium-ion batteries[J]. *New J Chem*, 2020, 44(22):9540-9545. doi: 10.1039/C9NJ05530D URL
[21]	Fleischhammer M, Waldmann T, Bisle G, et al. Interaction of cyclic ageing at high-rate and low temperatures and safety in lithium-ion batteries[J]. *J Power Sources, 2015, 274*:432-439. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.08.135 URL
[22]	FANG Ruqing, GE Hao, WANG Ziheng, et al. A Two-Dimensional heterogeneous model of lithium-ion battery and application on designing electrode with non-uniform porosity[J]. *J Electrochem Soc, 2020, 167*(13):130513-130533. doi: 10.1149/1945-7111/abb83a URL
[23]	HUANG Jun, LI Zhe, Liaw B Y, et al. Graphical analysis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data in Bode and Nyquist representations[J]. *J Power Sources, 2016, 309*:82-98. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.01.073 URL
[24]	Meddings N, Heinrich M, Overney F, et al. Application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to commercial Li-ion cells: A review[J]. *J Power Sources, 2020, 480*:228742-228768. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228742 URL
[25]	Shin E-C, Ahn P-A, Seo H-H, et al. Polarization mechanism of high temperature electrolysis in a Ni-YSZ/YSZ/LSM solid oxide cell by parametric impedance analysis[J]. *Solid State Ionics, 2013, 232*:80-96. doi: 10.1016/j.ssi.2012.10.028 URL
[26]	Srinivasan R, Carkhuff B G, Butler M H, et al. Instantaneous measurement of the internal temperature in lithium-ion rechargeable cells[J]. *Electrochimica Acta*, 2011, 56(17):6198-6204. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.03.136 URL
[27]	LI Zhe, ZHANG Jianbo, WU Bin, et al. Examining temporal and spatial variations of internal temperature in large-format laminated battery with embedded thermocouples[J]. *J Power Sources, 2013, 241*:536-553. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.117 URL