汽车轻量化技术研究现状及展望

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2025.01.002

汽车安全与节能学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (1): 16-31.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2025.01.002

汽车轻量化技术研究现状及展望

徐世伟¹^,²^,³(), 纪志康¹^,²^,³, 肖培杰¹^,²^,³, 袁泉¹^,²^,³, 袁秋奇¹^,²^,³, 刘瑜¹^,³^,⁴, 李君鸿¹^,³^,⁴, 李可维¹^,²^,³, 李建宇¹^,²^,³, 曾卓然¹^,³^,⁴, 肖志¹^,²^,³, 何聪¹^,³^,⁴

1.湖南大学整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室，长沙 410082，中国
2.湖南大学机械与运载工程学院，长沙 410082，中国
3.湖南大学苏州研究院，苏州 215100，中国
4.湖南大学材料科学与工程学院，长沙 410082，中国

收稿日期:2024-11-26 修回日期:2025-02-08 出版日期:2025-02-28 发布日期:2025-03-04
作者简介:徐世伟（1981—），男（汉），山东，教授。E-mail：xushiwei@hnu.edu.cn。
徐世伟，教授。在日本长冈技术科学大学取得工学博士学位。担任湖南大学整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室主任、湖南大学苏州研究院院长、中国汽车工程学会轻量化战略创新联盟专家委副主任、“中国十佳车身”评选委员会主任、中国有色金属工业协会《中国有色金属》理事会副理事长以及中国材料学会镁合金分会常务理事等职务。中国汽车工程学会会士、国家“万人计划领军人才”、科技部“中青年科技创新领军人才”、中组部“千人计划”青年项目入选者。已在国际著名刊物Nature Communications、Acta Materialia、Scripta Materialia、Journal of Materials Science & Technology、Materials & Design、Journal of Magnesium and Alloys等期刊上发表论文60余篇，授权国内发明专利50余项，国际发明专利2项。以第1完成人获中国汽车工程学会科技进步一等奖、中国有色金属工业科技进步一等奖、中国产学研合作创新成果奖一等奖等省部级科研奖励10余项。曾任中国宝武钢铁集团/宝山钢铁股份有限公司中央研究院首席研究员，与国内主流汽车企业有长期稳定的合作。
Prof. XU Shiwei, He received his Ph.D. in Engineering from the Nagaoka University of Technology in Japan. He is the director of the National Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicle Body at Hunan University, a fellow of the Society of Automotive Engineers of China, and the president of the Suzhou Research Institute of Hunan University. He is a Leading Talent of the National “Ten Thousand Talents Program”, a Leading Talent of the “Mid-Career Program” of the Ministry of Science and Technology, a recipient of the “Thousand Talents Program” for Young Professionals of the Organization Department of the Central Committee. He serves as the deputy director of the Expert Committee of the Light Weighting Strategic Innovation Alliance of the Society of Automotive Engineers of China, the director of the “Top Ten Car Body” Evaluation Committee, a vice chairman of the Council of “China Nonferrous Metals” and the executive director of the Magnesium Alloy Branch of the Chinese Materials Research Society. He has published over 60 papers in international renowned journals such as Nature Communications, Acta Materialia, Scripta Materialia, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, Materials & Design, and Journal of Magnesium and Alloys. He has been granted over 50 domestic invention patents and 2 international invention patents. As the first-completer, he has won over 10 provincial and ministerial-level scientific research awards, including the First Prize for Scientific and Technological Progress of the Society of Automotive Engineers of China, the First Prize for Scientific and Technological Progress of China Nonferrous Metals Industry, and the First Prize for Innovation Achievements of China Industry-University-Research Cooperation. He used to be the chief researcher of the Central Research Institute of China Baowu Steel Group/Baoshan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd. and has long-term stable cooperation with mainstream domestic automotive enterprises.
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4300101);国家自然科学基金联合基金项目(U22A20187);长三角科技创新共同体联合攻关基础研究项目(2024CSJZN1500);湖南大学整车先进设计制造技术全国重点实验室开放基金(32465004)

Status and prospect of automobile lightweight technology

XU Shiwei¹^,²^,³(), JI Zhikang¹^,²^,³, XIAO Peijie¹^,²^,³, YUAN Quan¹^,²^,³, YUAN Qiuqi¹^,²^,³, LIU Yu¹^,³^,⁴, LI Junhong¹^,³^,⁴, LI Kewei¹^,²^,³, LI Jianyu¹^,²^,³, ZENG Zhuoran¹^,³^,⁴, XIAO Zhi¹^,²^,³, HE Cong¹^,³^,⁴

1. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicle, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
2. College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
3. Suzhou Research Institute of Hunan University, Suzhou 215100, China
4. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China

Received:2024-11-26 Revised:2025-02-08 Online:2025-02-28 Published:2025-03-04

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着中国汽车工业的迅速发展和汽车保有量的急速增长，所引起的能源危机、环境污染和交通安全等矛盾日益凸显。汽车轻量化技术是解决该矛盾的有效途径之一。该文介绍了汽车轻量化技术的研究现状，并对各项轻量化技术的发展进行了展望。采用轻量化材料、优化结构设计和新型先进制造工艺是汽车轻量化的 3 大有效途径。轻量化材料主要涵盖超高强度钢、铝合金、镁合金等金属材料和高分子材料、复合材料等非金属材料；结构设计优化包括整车或零部件结构的拓扑优化、形状优化、尺寸优化以及多学科设计优化；先进制造工艺包括焊接、铆接等同种/异种材料连接技术和一体压铸等材料成型技术。轻量化技术的发展对中国汽车交通行业的发展具有重要意义。

关键词: 汽车, 轻量化技术, 材料轻量化, 结构设计优化, 先进制造工艺

Abstract:

With the rapid advancement of China's automobile industry and the swift increase in car ownership, the challenges posed by energy crisis, environmental pollution and traffic safety have become increasingly pronounced. Automobile lightweight technology is one of the most effective solutions to these issues. This paper reviews the current research status of automobile lightweight technology, and explores its future development prospects. Three primary approaches to achieving automotive lightweighting are identified: the utilization of lightweight materials, structural design optimization and advanced manufacturing processes. Lightweight materials mainly encompass ultra-high strength steel, aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy and other metallic materials, as well as polymer materials, composite materials, and other non-metallic materials. Structural design optimization involves topology optimization, shape optimization, size optimization and multidisciplinary design optimization for both whole vehicles and individual components. Advanced manufacturing processes include welding, riveting, similar/dissimilar material joining techniques and integrated die casting and other material forming technologies. The progression of lightweight technology is of great significance to the sustainable development of China's automobile transportation industry.

Key words: eautomobile, lightweight technology, lightweight material, structural design optimization, advanced manufacturing process

中图分类号:

U465
U466

徐世伟, 纪志康, 肖培杰, 袁泉, 袁秋奇, 刘瑜, 李君鸿, 李可维, 李建宇, 曾卓然, 肖志, 何聪. 汽车轻量化技术研究现状及展望[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2025, 16(1): 16-31.

XU Shiwei, JI Zhikang, XIAO Peijie, YUAN Quan, YUAN Qiuqi, LIU Yu, LI Junhong, LI Kewei, LI Jianyu, ZENG Zhuoran, XIAO Zhi, HE Cong. Status and prospect of automobile lightweight technology[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2025, 16(1): 16-31.

图/表 15

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材料	密度 (g·cm^-3)	位移 mm	η %	质量 kg	单价 (CNY·kg^-1)	总价 CNY
45 steel	7.89	7.26	35.32	13.785	6	82.71
6061-T6 Al合金	2.70	11.20	56.76	4.717	38	179.26
40%LECT/ PA66	1.54	23.25	95.92	2.691	32.8	88.25

材料	密度 (g·cm^-3)	位移 mm	η %	质量 kg	单价 (CNY·kg^-1)	总价 CNY
45 steel	7.89	7.26	35.32	13.785	6	82.71
6061-T6 Al合金	2.70	11.20	56.76	4.717	38	179.26
40%LECT/ PA66	1.54	23.25	95.92	2.691	32.8	88.25

拓扑优化 (topology optimization)	在给定的而设计空间内找到最优的材料分布
形貌优化 (topography optimization)	在钣金件上找到最佳的强筋位置和形状
尺寸优化 (size optimization)	找出板壳结构上的每个区域或单元的最佳厚度
自由尺寸优化 (free size optimization)	尺寸和参数优化，如优化梁的截面尺寸等
形状优化 (shape optimization)	直接基于有限元网格优化产品的位置和几何形状
自由形状优化 (free shape optimization)	自动确认选定区域的最佳结构形状

拓扑优化 (topology optimization)	在给定的而设计空间内找到最优的材料分布
形貌优化 (topography optimization)	在钣金件上找到最佳的强筋位置和形状
尺寸优化 (size optimization)	找出板壳结构上的每个区域或单元的最佳厚度
自由尺寸优化 (free size optimization)	尺寸和参数优化，如优化梁的截面尺寸等
形状优化 (shape optimization)	直接基于有限元网格优化产品的位置和几何形状
自由形状优化 (free shape optimization)	自动确认选定区域的最佳结构形状

汽车轻量化技术研究现状及展望

Status and prospect of automobile lightweight technology

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