山区高速公路长大纵坡路段货车挡位使用与车速特性

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2026.03.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究山区高速公路长大纵坡路段货车司机的驾驶习惯和长大纵坡道路货车的行驶特性，提高纵坡路段的安全水平，对近百名有一定驾驶经验的货车司机进行问卷调查，获取长大纵坡路段货车的挂挡决策及车速选择。结果表明：长上坡路段满载时，货车轴数越高司机使用挡位越高，而长下坡路段货车司机使用挡位随着轴数增加而提高，货车下坡使用挡位和车速高于上坡；空载情况下的货车司机驾驶使用的挡位以及行驶速度高于满载的情况；在较缓的坡上使用的挡位及车速高于较陡的坡；两、四轴货车速度较高，五、六轴货车速度最低，且货车下坡的速度高于上坡。研究结果可为优化山区高速公路长大纵坡路段安全管理及运营策略奠定理论基础。

关键词: 交通工程, 驾驶行为, 问卷调查, 货车轴数, 速度特性

Abstract:

A questionnaire survey was conducted among nearly one hundred truck drivers with certain driving experience, collecting gear selection decisions and speed choices of trucks to investigate the driving habits and the driving characteristics of truck drivers on long and steep longitudinal gradients on mountainous expressways to improve safety levels on such roads. The results show that the trucks with more axles use higher gears on long uphill sections when fully loaded; the truck drivers use higher gears as the number of axles increases on long downhill sections. The truck drivers use higher gears and speeds on downhill than on uphill. When empty, truck drivers use higher gears and speeds than when fully loaded. The drivers use higher gears and speeds on gentler gradients than on steeper gradients. The speeds of three-axle and four-axle trucks are higher, while those of five-axle and six-axle trucks are lowest. Moreover, the truck’s speed increases when descending a slope compared to ascending it. The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for optimizing safety management protocols and operational strategies for extended longitudinal gradients on mountainous expressways.

Key words: traffic engineering, driving behavior, questionnaire, number of axles, speed characteristics

中图分类号:

U491

吴凯翔, 王锐, 段伟建, 徐进, 刘影. 山区高速公路长大纵坡路段货车挡位使用与车速特性[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2026, 17(3): 332-341.

WU Kaixiang, WANG Rui, DUAN Weijian, XU Jin, LIU Ying. Research on truck gear selection and speed characteristics on extended longitudinal gradients on mountainous expressways[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2026, 17(3): 332-341.

图/表 10

参考文献 21

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驾驶情况	两轴货车		三轴货车		四轴货车		五、六轴货车
驾驶情况	上坡	下坡	上坡	下坡	上坡	下坡	上坡	下坡
满载缓坡	5.14	5.83	6.48	6.97	8.33	9.58	8.81	9.86
空载缓坡	6.00	6.43	6.81	6.96	11.33	10.89	10.29	12.00
满载陡坡	3.67	5.29	5.04	6.32	6.58	8.80	8.00	10.00
空载陡坡	5.09	5.76	6.26	6.36	10.11	9.89	6.50	10.00

驾驶情况	两轴货车		三轴货车		四轴货车		五、六轴货车
驾驶情况	上坡	下坡	上坡	下坡	上坡	下坡	上坡	下坡
满载缓坡	5.14	5.83	6.48	6.97	8.33	9.58	8.81	9.86
空载缓坡	6.00	6.43	6.81	6.96	11.33	10.89	10.29	12.00
满载陡坡	3.67	5.29	5.04	6.32	6.58	8.80	8.00	10.00
空载陡坡	5.09	5.76	6.26	6.36	10.11	9.89	6.50	10.00

货车类型	比功率/ (kW·t^-1)
货车类型	P50	P85	均值
两轴货车	9.78	12.09	10.00
三轴货车	9.52	11.32	9.47
四轴货车	8.90	11.00	9.21
五轴货车	6.42	7.06	6.43
六轴货车	6.93	8.29	7.14

货车类型	比功率/ (kW·t^-1)
货车类型	P50	P85	均值
两轴货车	9.78	12.09	10.00
三轴货车	9.52	11.32	9.47
四轴货车	8.90	11.00	9.21
五轴货车	6.42	7.06	6.43
六轴货车	6.93	8.29	7.14

货车类别	驾驶情况	均值 (km·h^-1)	最小值 (km·h^-1)	中位数 (km·h^-1)	最大值 (km·h^-1)	P50 (km·h^-1)	P85 (km·h^-1)	标准差 (km·h^-1)	显著性
两轴货车	满载缓坡	51.32	30	50	70	40	68	11.91
	空载缓坡	57.14	20	60	90	40	75	18.27
	满载陡坡	34.28	15	30	60	20	45	11.43
	空载陡坡	46.75	15	50	80	30	65	17.86
三轴货车	满载缓坡	57.29	20	60	80	30	70	16.01	0.001
	空载缓坡	57.33	20	60	85	30	80	17.85
	满载陡坡	42.4	20	40	60	30	50	11.00
	空载陡坡	49.83	20	50	85	30	70	18.59
四轴货车	满载缓坡	55.42	20	60	70	50	70	13.0
	空载缓坡	68.89	60	70	80	60	80	7.40
	满载陡坡	45.33	15	50	70	20	60	18.75
	空载陡坡	61.09	40	60	80	50	77	12.25
五、六轴货车	满载缓坡	48.43	15	50	80	35	60	15.01	<0.001
	空载缓坡	57.96	20	60	80	40	80	15.94
	满载陡坡	37.39	15	37.5	70	28	50	11.97
	空载陡坡	47.13	20	50	70	30	70	15.17