基于空气动力学的商用纯电动皮卡车迎风阻力优化设计

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2025.06.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为提升某基于传统燃油平台开发的商用纯电动皮卡车的气动性能，提出一套模块化气动组件优化方案。采用计算流体动力学（CFD）仿真、风洞与道路滑行试验相结合的方法，开展某型纯电动皮卡车气动性能的仿真分析、结构优化与试验验证。通过STAR-CCM+软件仿真，识别出前脸造型过高、底盘不平整和密封不良3类主要迎风阻力来源，确定前保气坝、侧踏板、货架等8个关键组件为研究对象，并探究其气动影响效果与减阻机理。结果表明：优化后风阻系数CFD仿真降幅为21.06%，风洞试验实测降幅为20.6%，二者偏差小于3%，验证了CFD模型的可靠性；道路滑行试验进一步显示续航里程提升6.3%。此项研究为“油改电”商用皮卡车的气动性能开发提供了实用的工程方法与实验依据。

关键词: 电动皮卡车, 迎风阻力, 气坝, 侧踏板, 货架, 风洞

Abstract:

A modular optimization scheme for aerodynamic components was proposed to enhance the performance of a commercial pure electric pickup truck built on a traditional fuel vehicle platform. The research combined computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, wind tunnel testing, and coast-down testing to analyze, optimize, and validate the vehicle's aerodynamic performance. The simulations using STAR-CCM+ software identified an excessively high front face, an uneven underbody, and poor sealing to be the three major sources of aerodynamic drag. The investigation focused on eight key components, including the front air dam, side steps, and roof rack, to examine their aerodynamic effects and drag reduction mechanisms. The results indicate that the optimized design reduces the drag coefficient (C_d) by 21.06% in CFD simulations and by 20.6% in wind tunnel tests. The deviation of less than 3% between these values confirms the reliability of the CFD model. Coast-down tests further demonstrates a 6.3% increase in driving range. This work provides practical engineering methodologies and experimental evidence for the aerodynamic development of commercial “fuel-to-electric” converted pickup trucks.

Key words: electric pickup truck, aerodynamic drag, air dam, side steps, roof rack, wind tunnel

中图分类号:

U461.1

陈春菊, 李小华, 余显忠, 祁祺, 邹佳异. 基于空气动力学的商用纯电动皮卡车迎风阻力优化设计[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2025, 16(6): 896-904.

CHEN Chunju, LI Xiaohua, YU Xianzhong, QI Qi, ZOU Jiayi. Aerodynamic drag optimization design of a commercial battery electric pickup truck[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2025, 16(6): 896-904.

图/表 16

图1 纯电动皮卡车三维数模计算域和局部体网格

图2 基准模型风阻仿真分析云图

图3 纯电动皮卡车组件方案划分

图4 气坝不同高度对Cd的影响

图5 加装气坝前后压力系数对比云图

图6 侧踏板Y向凸出宽度对Cd和Cd?A的影响

图7 加装侧踏板前后压力系数对比云图

单圆管货架位置/ mm	ΔC_d降幅%	ΔA / m²
蓝色Base货架	0.37	0
X后移20	0.55	0
X后移40	0.37	0
X后移60	0.18	0
Z上移10	0.37	0
Z上移20	0.55	0
Z上移30	0.37	5×10^-4
Z上移50	0.00	1×10^-3
X后移20，Z上移20	0.74	0

表1 货架不同位置对Cd和A的影响

图8 加装货架前后压力系数对比云图

图9 其他优化方案(加装密封部件和底护板)效果图

图10 气动优化组件叠加方案的减阻贡献量分析

图11 实车风洞试验

方案	整车C_d		仿真和试验差异/ %
方案	仿真	风洞试验	仿真和试验差异/ %
Base	1.000 0	1.008 8	0.87
前保气坝	0.885 0	0.902 4	1.93
冷却密封	0.873 2	0.889 2	1.79
底盘下护板	0.855 6	0.874 5	2.16
电池包护板	0.840 9	0.856 9	1.86
侧踏板	0.826 2	0.840 7	1.72
货箱密封	0.811 5	0.826 0	1.75
卷帘式货箱盖	0.796 8	0.808 4	1.43
货架	0.789 4	0.801 0	1.44
降阻合计	0.210 6	0.207 8	-

表2 仿真和风洞试验Cd结果

图12 各组件减阻贡献量的仿真分析和风洞试验结果对比

图13 压力系数仿真分析和风洞试验结果对比

图14 加装风阻组件前后的滑行阻力随车速对比

参考文献 18

[1]	周炜, 王松, 姜祖啸. 某高端轿车综合空气动力学性能开发[J]. 同济大学学报(自然科学版), 2022, 50(S1): 42-48.
	ZHOU Wei, WANG Song, JIANG Zuxiao. Integrated aerodynamic development of a luxury sedan[J]. J Tongji Univ (Nat Sci), 2022, 50(S1): 42-48. (in Chinese).
[2]	罗秋丽, 张风利, 张荣荣, 等. 比亚迪汉空气动力学开发[J]. 汽车工程学报, 2020, 10(6): 399-406.
	LUO Qiuli, ZHANG Fengli, ZHANG Rongrong, et al. The aerodynamic development of the BYD Han[J]. Chin J Autom Engi, 2020, 10(6): 399-406. (in Chinese).
[3]	王庆洋, 肖垚, 吴雁飞, 等. 某SUV底盘空气动力性能优化研究[J]. 汽车工程学报, 2024, 14(1): 60-71.
	WANG Qingyang, XIAO Yao, WU Yanfei, et al. Research on aerodynamic design optimization for an SUV chassis[J]. Chin J Autom Engi, 2024, 14(1): 60-71. (in Chinese).
[4]	任超, 吴海波, 陈蒨. 某SUV后部扰流附件的气动性能研究[J]. 汽车工程学报, 2021, 11(4): 304-312.
	REN Chao, WU Haibo, CHEN Qian. Study on aerodynamic performance of rear spoiler on an SUV[J]. Chin J Autom Engi, 2021, 11(4): 304-312. (in Chinese).
[5]	李现今, 李喆隆. 某电动SUV后扰流板气动特性的研究[J]. 汽车工程, 2020, 42(9): 1211-1215.
	LI Xianjin, LI Zhelong. Research on aerodynamic characteristics of rear spoiler in an electric SUV[J]. Autom Engineering, 2020, 42(9): 1211-1215 (in Chinese).
[6]	傅立敏. 汽车空气动力学[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2017: 1-4.
	FU Limin. Automotive Aerodynamics[M]. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2017: 1-4. (in Chinese).
[7]	贺岩松, 曹礼鹏, 张志飞, 等. 基于离散伴随法与代理模型的整车气动阻力优化[J]. 汽车工程, 2020, 42(11): 1577-1584. doi: 10.19562/j.chinasae.qcgc.2020.11.018
	HE Yansong, CAO Lipeng, ZHANG Zhifei, et al. Optimization of vehicle aerodynamic drag based on discrete adjoint method and surrogate model[J]. Autom Engineering, 2020, 42(11): 1577-1584. (in Chinese).
[8]	李易, 廖臻彦. 基于空气动力学的汽车车身优化改进研究[J]. 机械设计与制造工程, 2021, 50(2): 83-87.
	LI Yi, LIAO Zhenyan. Research on optimization and improvement of automobile body based on aerodynamics[J]. *Mech Desi Manuf Engi*, 2021, 50(2): 83-87. (in Chinese).
[9]	ZHANG Chenyi, Daniel S, Timo K, et al. Aerodynamic study on the vehicle rear shape parameters with respect to ground simulation[C]// 19th Int’l Stut Symp: Autom-und Motorentechnik. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2019: 412-426.
[10]	Schuetz T J. Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles (5th ed)[M]. Warrendale: SAE International, 2016: 170-177.
[11]	FU Liangwang, ZHANG Shunyin, SHI Yan, et al. Validation of aerodynamic simulation and wind tunnel test of the new buick EXCELLE GT[R]. *SAE Tech Paper*, 2017-01-1512, 2017.
[12]	宋昕, 李舒雅, 严杰, 等. 数值风洞仿真与开阔路面仿真的关联性研究[J]. 汽车工程, 2020, 42(6): 759-764.
	SONG Xi, LI Shuya, YAN Jie, et al. A study on the correlation between numerical wind tunnel simulation and open road simulation[J]. Autom Engineering, 2020, 42(6): 759-764. (in Chinese).
[13]	李爽爽, 宋伟, 邹亮, 等. 前保险杠导流板迎风角度对轻型客车风阻的影响[J]. 汽车工程, 2022, 44(11): 1779-1785.
	LI Shuangshuang, SONG Wei, ZOU Liang, et al. Influence of the windward angle of front bumper deflector on the aerodynamic drag of a light bus[J]. Autom Engineering, 2022, 44(11): 1779-1785. (in Chinese).
[14]	张丹, 李静, 郝兆斌, 等. 某皮卡整车气动性能研究[C]// 2023中国汽车工程学会汽车空气动力学分会学术年会文集. 中国汽车工程学会, 2023: 179-184.
	ZHANG Dan, LI Jing, HAO Zhaobin, et al. Research on aerodynamic performance of a pickup truck[C]// Proc 2023 Annu Conf Autom Aero Bran SAE-China. China SAE, 2023: 179-184. (in Chinese).
[15]	丁乐芳, 张宪, 官已骏. 基于导流罩优化的轻卡车型节油效果研究[J]. 汽车工程学报, 2020, 10(6): 424-430.
	DING Lefang, ZHANG Xian, GUAN Yijun. Research on fuel saving effect of a light truck based on deflector optimization[J]. Chin J Autom Engi, 2020, 10(6): 424-430. (in Chinese).
[16]	吴素珍, 丁祺睿. 减阻装置对平头货车气动特性影响的分析及优化[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2024, 15(6): 915-922.
	WU Suzhen, DING Qirui. Analysis and optimization of the influence of drag reduction device on the aerodynamic characteristics of flat truck[J]. J Autom Safe Energ, 2024, 15(6): 915-922. (in Chinese).
[17]	中国汽车工程学会. T/CSAE 112-2019: 乘用车空气动力学仿真技术规范[S]. 北京: 中国汽车工程学会, 2019.
	China SAE. T/CSAE 112-2019: Technical specification of passenger car aerodynamic numerical simulation [S]. Beijing: China SAE, 2019. (in Chinese).
[18]	全国汽车标准化技术委员会. GB/T 12536-2017: 汽车滑行试验方法[S]. 北京: 中华人民共和国工业和信息化部, 2017.
	National Technical Committee of Auto Standardization. GB/T 12536-2017: Coastdown test method of motor vehicles [S]. Beijing: Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 2017. (in Chinese).