增高垫型CRS对小偏置碰撞中儿童乘员的损伤与防护

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2020.04.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

探究了6岁儿童乘员在汽车小偏置碰撞中使用增高垫型儿童约束系统（CRS）时的损伤风险与防护措施。基于2017版美国公路安全保险协会（IIHS）测试规程,采用THUMS 6YO儿童人体有限元模型,建立汽车25%重叠率刚性壁障正面碰撞仿真模型。对比分析了有、无靠背的两种CRS有限元模型的运动学响应及头部、胸部等损伤物理参数。结果表明：汽车小偏置碰撞中6岁儿童乘员同时具有前向和侧向位移;无靠背的增高垫型CRS约束下的儿童乘员头部和胸部加速度值均大于有靠背的约束工况,并伴有下潜现象发生。针对损伤风险对儿童约束系统装有限力器的安全带在降低碰撞过程中乘员的胸部合成加速度和肋骨骨折风险上更优于装有的充气式安全带情况,但在一定程度上会增加头部损伤风险。

关键词: 汽车小偏置碰撞, 增高垫型, 儿童约束系统（CRS）, 约束系统, 有限元仿真

Abstract:

The risk of injury and protective measures for 6-year-old child occupants were investigated by using a high-backed booster child restraint system (CRS) in small off-set crashes in automobiles. Based on the 2017 version of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) test protocols, a THUMS 6YO Human FE (finite element) model was used to develop a front impact FE model of rigid wall with 25% overlap rate of automobile. The kinematic behaviors of the FE models were compared and analyzed, as well as the injury parameters of head and chest resultant acceleration. The results show that the 6-year-old children have both forward and lateral displacement in the small overlap impact; The accelerations of the head and the chest of child occupant under the backless booster CRS were larger than those under the high-backed booster CRS with a declination motion. The optimized child restraint system makes the seatbelts with load limiter being better than that of inflatable seatbelts in reducing the crew's combined chest acceleration and rib fracture risk during a collision, but with increasing head injury risk of some degree.

Key words: small overlap impact of vehicle, booster, child restraint system (CRS), restraint system, finite element (FE) simulation

中图分类号:

U463.1

韩勇, 吕春成, 唐斌, 黄红武, 罗洁思, 余意. 增高垫型CRS对小偏置碰撞中儿童乘员的损伤与防护[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2020, 11(4): 444-453.

HAN Yong, LÜ Chuncheng, TANG Bin, HUANG Hongwu, LUO Jiesi, YU Yi. Injury and protection of child occupants in small overlap impact by booster CRS[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2020, 11(4): 444-453.

图/表 19

参考文献 28

[1]	World Health Organization. Global status report on road safety 2018: Summary[EB/OL]. WHO, 2018.(2020-08-01). https://www.who.int/violence injury prevention/road safety status/2018/en/.
[2]	Berfenstam R. Sweden’s pioneering child accident programme: 40 years later[J]. Injury Prevention, 1995, 1(2):68-69. doi: 10.1136/ip.1.2.68 URL pmid: 9345997
[3]	Sehti D, Racioppi F, Towner E, et al. European report on child injury prevention[J]. Euro Report Child Injury Prevention, 2008,16(1):5-6.
[4]	Pintar F A, Yoganandan N, Maiman D J. et al. Injury mechanisms and severity in narrow offset frontal impacts[C]// Anna Adva Automotive Medi /Ann Sci Conf. Asso Adva Automotive Med, 2008,52:185.
[5]	Hallman J J, Yoganandan N, Pintar F A, et al. Injury differences between small and large overlap frontal crashes[C]// Anna Adva Automotive Medi /Ann Sci Conf. Asso Adva Automotive Med, 2011,55:147.
[6]	曹立波, 胡渊, 颜凌波, 等. 基于E-NCAP的6岁儿童乘员损伤防护研究[J]. 汽车工程, 2017,39(2):174-180.
	CAO Libo, HU Yuan, YAN Lingbo, et al. A study on injury protection of 6 years old child occupant based on E-NCAP[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2017,39(2):174-180. (in Chinese)
[7]	曹立波, 林诗远, 颜凌波, 等. 基于E-NCAP的10岁儿童损伤防护研究[J]. 汽车工程, 2017,39(6):653-660.
	CAO Libo, LIN Shiyuan, YAN Lingbo, et al. A study on injury protection of 10 years old child occupant based on E-NCAP[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2017,39(6):653-660. (in Chinese)
[8]	HU Jia, WANG Dazhi, Mellor M, et al. Safety performance comparisons of different types of child seats in high speed impact tests[C]// 2011 ESV Conference, SAIC Motor China 2011: 11-53.
[9]	李海岩, 李健, 贺丽娟, 等. 约束系统误用对 6 岁儿童乘员头颈部损伤的影响[J]. 医用生物力学, 2020,35(2):143-149.
	LI Haiyan, LI Jian, CUI Shihai, et al. The effect on head-neck injuries of six-year-old child occupant by misusing the restraint system[J]. J Medi Biomechanics, 2020,35(2):143-149. (in Chinese)
[10]	韩勇, 谢金萍, 卢晓萍, 等 . 基于 DOE 的儿童乘员约束系统约束路径优化[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2015,6(3):230-236.
	HAN Yong, XIE Jingping, LU Xiaoping, et al. Parameter optimization of CRS’ seatbelt constraint paths based on design-of-experiment (DOE)[J]. J Automotive Safety Energy, 2015,6(3):230-236. (in Chinese)
[11]	韩勇, 卢晓萍, 谢金萍, 等. 在 ECE R129 实验条件下 Q3 和 THUMS 3YO 有限元模型的响应差异分析[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2016,7(3):291-298.
	HAN Yong, LU Xiaoping, XIE Jinping, et al. Comparison of different response between Q3 and THUMS 3YO finite element models under ECE R129 test[J]. J Automotive Safety Energy, 2016,7(3):291-298. (in Chinese)
[12]	韩勇, 唐慧聪, 田丰翼, 等. 不同约束载荷下三岁儿童乘员胸部运动方程与损伤风险研究[J]. 振动与冲击, 2020,39(1):216-222.
	HAN Yong, TANG Huicong, TIAN Fengyi, et al. Chest motion equation and injury risk of a 3-year-old child under different constrained loads[J]. J Vibration Shock, 2020,39(1):216-222. (in Chinese)
[13]	Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Small overlap frontal crashworthiness evaluation crash test protocol (Version V) [EB/OL]. Ruckersville VA: IIHS, (2016-05-17). http://www.iihs.org/
[14]	Marzougui D, Samaha R R, CUI Chongzhen, et al. Extended validation of the finite element model for the 2001 ford taurus passenger sedan[R]. 2012-W-004, National Crash Analysis Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA, 2012. http://www.ncac.gwu.edu/vml/archive/ncac/vehicle/Website/TaurusBL/NCAC-2012-W-004.pdf.
[15]	Toyota Motor Corporation. Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS), 6YO Pedestrian /Occupant Model [EB/OL]. [2016-01-01]. http://www.lstc.com/thums.
[16]	OUYANG Jun, ZHAO Weidong, XU Yongqing, et al. Thoracic impact testing of pediatric cadaveric subjects[J]. J Trauma-Injury Infection and Critical Care, 2006, 61(6):1492-1500.
[17]	Loyd A M. Studies of the human head from neonate to adult: an inertial, geometrical and structural analysis with comparisons to the ATD head [D]. Duke University, Durham, NC, USA:Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2011.
[18]	韩勇, 彭乐园, 潘迪, 等. 基于仿真和动物试验的 3 岁儿童胸腹部软组织器官损伤风险研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2019,55(18):132-141. (in chinese)
	HAN Yong, PENG Leyuan, PAN Di, et al. Soft tissue injury risk in chest and abdomen of 3YO child based on simulation and animal experiments[J]. J Mech Engi, 2019,55(18):132-141. (in chinese)
[19]	Hooijdonk van P A, Tijssens M G A. Development and application of a child restraint system model for safety performance assessment[EB/OL]. TASS Report, [2012-10-30]. https://www.britax-roemer.com/car-seats/highback-boosters/kidfix-iii-s/9018.html.
[20]	唐亮, 吴滔滔, 周青, 等. 儿童乘员伤害指标及下潜趋势的影响因素[J]. 华南理工大学学报: 自然科学版, 2012,40(7):46-50.
	TANG Liang, WU Taotao, ZHOU Qing, et al. Factors influencing injury risk and submarining tendency of child occupant[J]. J South China Univ of Tech: Nat Sci Ed, 2012,40(7):46-50. (in Chinese)
[21]	Baumgartner D, Willinger R, Shewchenko N, et al. Tolerance limits for mild traumatic brain injury derived from numerical head impact replication[C]// Proc 2001 Int’l IRCOBI Conf Biomec Impacts. 2001: 353-355.
[22]	LYU Wenle, RUAN Shijie, LI Haiyan, et al. Development and validation of a 6-year-old pedestrian thorax and abdomen finite element model and impact injury analysis[J]. Int’l J Vehi Safety, 2015, 8(4):339-356.
[23]	Yamada H, Evans F G. Strength of biological materials[J]. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins 1970: 246-248.
[24]	Gayzik F S, Francis S. Development of a finite element based injury metric for pulmonary contusion[D]. Winston-Salem, North Carolina: Wake Forest University, 2008.
[25]	Bohman K, Boström O, Olsson J, et al. The effect of a pretensioner and a load limiter on a HIII 6y, seated on four different types of booster cushions in frontal impacts[C]// International IRCOBI Conference, Madrid, Spain. 2006: 377-380.
[26]	Sundararajan S, Rouhana S W, Board D, et al. Biomechanical assessment of a rear-seat inflatable seatbelt in frontal impacts[R]. SAE Tech Paper, No. 2011-22-0008, 2011.
[27]	王玉超, 亓向翠, 杨荣山, 等. 基于LS-DYNA 正面台车试验的有限元仿真[J]. 汽车技术, 2013(7):39-44.
	WANG Yuchao, QI Xiangcui, YANG Rongshan, et al. FE Simulation of frontal crash sled test based on LS-DYNA[J]. Automobile Tech, 2013(7):39-44. (in Chinese)
[28]	袁立明. 汽车驾驶员安全气囊静态爆破仿真与试验研究[D]. 长春: 长春工业大学, 2016.
	YUAN Liming. Simulation and experimental research on static deployment of vehicle driver airbag[D]. Changchun: Changchun University of Technology, 2016. (in Chinese)

关键字	含义	参数值
SBRID	限力器ID	1
SBID	第一个伸出限力器的安全带单元ID	89 804 591
SID	传感器（用于触发限力器工作） ID	1
TDEL	传感器触发后的时间延迟	5 ms
PULL	延迟阶段,安全带伸出限力器的长度	10 mm
LLCID	限力器的加载曲线ID	1
ULCID	限力器的卸载曲线ID	2
LFED	防止安全带初始松弛而吸入限力器内部的安全带长度	12 mm

关键字	含义	参数值
SBRID	限力器ID	1
SBID	第一个伸出限力器的安全带单元ID	89 804 591
SID	传感器（用于触发限力器工作） ID	1
TDEL	传感器触发后的时间延迟	5 ms
PULL	延迟阶段,安全带伸出限力器的长度	10 mm
LLCID	限力器的加载曲线ID	1
ULCID	限力器的卸载曲线ID	2
LFED	防止安全带初始松弛而吸入限力器内部的安全带长度	12 mm

关键字	含义	参数值
VSCA	体积缩放系数	1
PSCA	压力缩放系数	1
VINI	初始体积	0
MWD	质量阻尼系数	0
SPSF	滞点压力系数	0
CV	定容热容量	1.700 MJ·(kg·K)^-1
CP	定压热容量	10.04 MJ·(kg·K)^-1
T	气体温度	300 ℃
LCID	充气速率曲线	2
MU	泄气孔形状系数	0.7
PE	环境压力	100 kPa
RO	环境密度	1.20 mg·m^-3

关键字	含义	参数值
VSCA	体积缩放系数	1
PSCA	压力缩放系数	1
VINI	初始体积	0
MWD	质量阻尼系数	0
SPSF	滞点压力系数	0
CV	定容热容量	1.700 MJ·(kg·K)^-1
CP	定压热容量	10.04 MJ·(kg·K)^-1
T	气体温度	300 ℃
LCID	充气速率曲线	2
MU	泄气孔形状系数	0.7
PE	环境压力	100 kPa
RO	环境密度	1.20 mg·m^-3