密闭空间内锂离子电池热蔓延规律研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2026.01.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究密闭空间内锂离子电池热失控蔓延特性及防护方法，该文以高能量密度三元锂电池LGMJ1为研究对象，结合实验数据与化学反应动力学方程开展一维与三维联合仿真研究。基于Amesim与Star-CCM+建立电池热-气耦合模型，研究泄压口尺寸、空气对流传热系数及隔热层对电池模组热蔓延的影响。结果表明：电池模组排布方式对电池热蔓延影响显著，与触发电芯相邻接触电池数目越少，越易引发电池热蔓延；协同优化泄口面积与对流冷却条件可实现热蔓延过程的高效抑制；隔热材料中，陶瓷气凝胶性能最优，可有效抑制热失控传播。

关键词: 三元锂电池, 密闭环境, 热-气耦合, 热失控蔓延, 隔热, 针刺

Abstract:

Using the high-energy-density ternary lithium-ion battery model LGMJ1 as the subject of investigation, the research integrated experimental data with chemical reaction kinetic modeling to conduct coupled one-dimensional and three-dimensional numerical simulations to investigate the propagation characteristics of thermal runaway in confined environments and evaluate protective strategies for lithium-ion batteries. The impact of three key parameters—the pressure-relief vent area, the air convective heat transfer coefficient, and the thermal insulation layer properties—on thermal propagation within a battery module was investigated, based on a coupled thermal-gas dynamics model developed using Amesim and STAR-CCM+. The results show that the arrangement of battery modules has a significant impact on battery thermal propagation. The fewer adjacent contact batteries with the triggering cells, the easier it is to trigger battery thermal propagation. Coordinated optimization of the vent area and convective cooling conditions can achieve efficient suppression of the thermal propagation process. Among the insulation materials, ceramic aerogel has the best performance and can effectively inhibit the propagation of thermal runaway.

Key words: ternary lithium battery, enclosed environment, thermal-gas coupling, thermal runaway propagation, insulation, needle acupuncture

中图分类号:

TM911

冯旭鹏, 李成兵, 李锐, 肖可, 彭俊恒, 吴思香, 刘博豪. 密闭空间内锂离子电池热蔓延规律研究[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2026, 17(1): 104-113.

FENG Xupeng, LI Chengbing, LI Rui, XIAO Ke, PENG Junheng, WU Sixiang, LIU Bohao. Research on thermal spread laws of lithium-ion batteries in enclosed spaces[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2026, 17(1): 104-113.

图/表 14

参考文献 28

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序号	总能量/kJ	电芯能量/kJ	正极能量/kJ	负极能量/kJ	测试前质量/g	测试后质量/g
1	86.746 3	27.372 4	45.007 2	14.366 8	47	20.2
2	84.905 6	17.302 2	67.063 7	0.539 8	47	17.3
3	100.375 0	17.438 2	81.611 5	1.325 1	47	13.9
4	87.479 7	12.539 3	64.954 0	9.986 5	47	11.3
5	69.409 0	15.517 8	36.371 8	17.519 4	47	15.2

序号	总能量/kJ	电芯能量/kJ	正极能量/kJ	负极能量/kJ	测试前质量/g	测试后质量/g
1	86.746 3	27.372 4	45.007 2	14.366 8	47	20.2
2	84.905 6	17.302 2	67.063 7	0.539 8	47	17.3
3	100.375 0	17.438 2	81.611 5	1.325 1	47	13.9
4	87.479 7	12.539 3	64.954 0	9.986 5	47	11.3
5	69.409 0	15.517 8	36.371 8	17.519 4	47	15.2

符号	数值	参考文献	符号	数值	参考文献
H_SEI	287 kJ/kg	[16-17]	H_pe	3 766 kJ/kg	[19-20]
A_SEI	1.867×10¹⁵s^-1	[18]	A_pe	9.8×10⁹s^-1	[21]
E_a,SEI	2.361×10^-19J	[19]	E_a,pe	1.75×10^-19J	[21]
m_SEI	1	[18]	m_pe	1	[16]
C_SEI	0.15	[18]	C_pe	0.04	[16]
H_ne	193.4 kJ/kg	[18]	H_e	122.500 kJ/kg	[17]
A_ne	2.7×10¹³s^-1	[18]	A_e	5.47×10²⁵s^-1	[17]
E_a,ne	2.361×10^-19J	[18]	E_a,e	4.48×10^-19J	[17]
m_ne	1	[18]	m_e	1	[22]
C_ne	0.811	[18]	C_e	1	[22]

符号	数值	参考文献	符号	数值	参考文献
H_SEI	287 kJ/kg	[16-17]	H_pe	3 766 kJ/kg	[19-20]
A_SEI	1.867×10¹⁵s^-1	[18]	A_pe	9.8×10⁹s^-1	[21]
E_a,SEI	2.361×10^-19J	[19]	E_a,pe	1.75×10^-19J	[21]
m_SEI	1	[18]	m_pe	1	[16]
C_SEI	0.15	[18]	C_pe	0.04	[16]
H_ne	193.4 kJ/kg	[18]	H_e	122.500 kJ/kg	[17]
A_ne	2.7×10¹³s^-1	[18]	A_e	5.47×10²⁵s^-1	[17]
E_a,ne	2.361×10^-19J	[18]	E_a,e	4.48×10^-19J	[17]
m_ne	1	[18]	m_e	1	[22]
C_ne	0.811	[18]	C_e	1	[22]

排布方式	类型	触发电芯位置	相邻电芯数目
并列排布	A-2	Bat1-1、Bat1-3、Bat2-1、Bat2-3	2
并列排布	A-3	Bat1-2、Bat2-2	3
交错排布	B-2	Bat2-1、Bat1-3	2
	B-3	Bat1-1、Bat2-3	3
	B-4	Bat1-2、Bat2-2	4