太阳光照下夹层风挡玻璃吸能特性仿真研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2025.04.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了研究太阳光照对夹层风挡玻璃吸能特性的影响，该文提出了太阳光照影响聚乙烯醇缩丁醛（PVB）中间层温度，进而影响夹层玻璃力学性能的光热—力学耦合仿真模型。对太阳光照下玻璃升温过程进行光热建模，将中间层温度结果通过动态力学分析（DMA）实验转化为PVB中间层模量，将其作为头模型—风挡玻璃碰撞有限元模型的输入，计算风挡玻璃的吸能能力和行人保护性能。结果表明：在夏天风挡玻璃透射太阳功率为700 W/m²时，无风时中间层稳态温度将升高至70 ℃，中间层模量将下降为室温时的约1/500，头模型穿透风挡玻璃的临界速度将从室温实验测得的40 km/h降低为20 km/h。太阳光照将通过升高温度降低中间层模量，降低夹层风挡玻璃的吸能性能，增加头模型穿透玻璃以及与驾驶室内部物体发生二次碰撞的风险。

关键词: 夹层风挡玻璃, 吸能特性, 头模型冲击, 太阳辐射, 有限元分析

Abstract:

To study the effect of solar radiation on the energy absorption properties of laminated windshields, a photothermal-mechanical coupling simulation model was proposed, which took into account the effect of sunlight on the temperature of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) interlayer and the mechanical property of the laminated glass. This study conducted a photothermal modeling of the temperature rise of glass under sunlight, and converted the temperature results into PVB interlayer modulus using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) tests. The modulus was used as the input for the headform-windshield impact finite element model to calculate the energy absorption property and pedestrian protection property of the windshield. The results show that in summer, when the transmitted solar power of the windshield is 700 W/m², the steady-state temperature of the interlayer increases to 70 ℃, the modulus of the interlayer decreases to about 1/500 of that at room temperature, and the critical speed of the headform penetrating the windshield decreases to 20 km/h from 40 km/h tested experimentally at room temperature. Solar radiation reduces the modulus of the interlayer by increasing the temperature of the interlayer, thus reducing the energy absorption performance of the laminated windshields, and increasing the risk of the head penetrating the windshield and having a secondary collision with objects inside the cabin.

Key words: laminated windshield, energy absorption, headform impact, solar radiation, finite element analysis

中图分类号:

U465.4+6

张沛霖, 李一兵. 太阳光照下夹层风挡玻璃吸能特性仿真研究[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2025, 16(4): 558-567.

ZHANG Peilin, LI Yibing. Simulation study on energy absorption characteristics of laminated windshield under sunlight[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2025, 16(4): 558-567.

图/表 17

图1 太阳光照下玻璃升温的有限元模型

图2 商用PVB薄膜的透射率

	等压热容 [J(kg·K)^-1]	密度 (kg·m^-3)	热导率 [W(m·K)^-1]	发射率
泡沫	2 100	17	0.035	0.9
玻璃	703	2 230	1.800	0.8
平台	1 210	300	0.072	0.7

表1 太阳光照玻璃升温模型参数

图3 太阳光照条件下封闭空间温升实验与仿真对比

图4 不同风速和透射太阳光功率下玻璃平均温度

图5 1Hz DMA实验存储模量的实验值与拟合值

图6 不同冲击速度中间层最大应变率

图7 PVB在不同应变率下的杨氏模量和正切模量

图8 不同冲击速度和透射太阳功率下的中间层模量

图9 建立的头模型冲击风挡玻璃有限元模型

部件	子部件	材料类型	密度/ (kg·m^-3)	杨氏模量/ GPa	泊松比	失效准则
头模型	基座	MAT20	2 700	70	0.3
	球体	MAT20	2 700	70	0.3
	皮肤	MAT6	1 020		0.5
夹层玻璃	玻璃	MAT24	2 500	70	0.227	主应力65 MPa ^[26]
夹层玻璃	中间层	MAT24	1 070	根据式(6)计算得到	0.49	应变2 ^[14]

表2 有限元模型中各部件参数

图10 头模型-风挡玻璃冲击试验平台

图11 有限元头模型运动仿真与实验对比

	v₀/ (km·h^-1)	a_max / g	s_max / mm	β	HIC36
实验	29.86	82.84	117.5	0.951	168.2
仿真	30.00	77.60	120.0	0.922	172.2
误差/ %	0.46	-6.33	2.10	-3.05	2.32

表3 头模型碰撞实验与有限元仿真指标对比

图12 不同温度和冲击速度下头模型碰撞后速度v、风挡玻璃动能吸收比β值和头模型HIC值

图13 头模型初始释放速度为20 km/h时，不同光照功率和对应温度下的头模型位移和速度

图14 不同太阳功率和冲击速度下头模型碰撞后速度vaft、风挡玻璃动能吸收比β值和头模型HIC值

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