人车碰撞中行人的应急姿态对行人的损伤影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2021.04.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究行人应急姿态在车辆与行人正面碰撞时对其头部、胸部、下肢损伤的影响,利用PC-Crash软件建立行人与车辆正面碰撞的多刚体模型,根据国家车辆事故深度调查体系（NAIS）中的真实事故案例,进行事故再现和模型验证。在此基础上进行仿真实验,研究车辆在不同碰撞车速、转向角度碰撞时,行人采取不同应急姿态、动作幅度对行人碰撞损伤的影响,利用加权值评价各姿态下行人的综合损伤。结果表明：车速高于50 km/h的碰撞对行人造成较大损伤;下蹲角度达到30°时头部损伤有所降低,超过50°时行人有碾压风险;侧倾与跳跃姿态,造成头部及胸部损伤较为严重,是比较危险的姿态;跳跃0.5 m时头部损伤最严重;车辆有应急转向时,行人下蹲、跳跃对应胸部损伤较大,头部损伤则相反。

关键词: 交通安全, 人车碰撞, 行人损伤, 应急姿态

Abstract:

A multi-rigid body model of frontal collision between pedestrians and vehicles was established by PC-Crash software to investigate the influence of pedestrian emergency posture on head, chest and lower limb injuries in frontal collision between vehicles and pedestrians. The accident reconstruction and model verification were carried out according to the real accident cases in the National Automobile Accident In-Depth Investigation System (NAIS). The simulation experiments were carried out to study the influence of different emergency postures and action amplitudes on pedestrian collision damage when vehicles collide at different speeds and steering angles. The weighted value was used to evaluate the comprehensive damage of pedestrians under different postures. The results show that the collision with vehicle speed higher than 50 km/h causes great damage to pedestrians. When the squat angle reaches 30°, the head injury decreases, and when the squat angle exceeds 50°, the pedestrian has the rolling risk. The tilt and jump postures are relatively dangerous postures leading to severe head and chest injuries. Head injury is the most serious when jumping height is 0.5 m. When the vehicle has emergency steering, pedestrian squatting and jumping cause greater chest injury, while head injury is the opposite.

Key words: traffic safety, pedestrian-vehicle collision, pedestrian injury, emergency posture

中图分类号:

X951

张道文, 刘奇, 邱健斌, 廖文俊, 母尧尧, 金思雨. 人车碰撞中行人的应急姿态对行人的损伤影响[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2021, 12(4): 456-466.

ZHANG Daowen, LIU Qi, QIU Jianbing, LIAO Wenjun, MU Yaoyao, JIN Siyu. Influence of pedestrian’s emergency posture on pedestrian injury in vehicle - pedestrian collision[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2021, 12(4): 456-466.

图/表 27

参考文献 23

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应急姿态	碰撞模型	动作幅度
侧倾应急姿态（简称为侧倾姿态）：身体朝向约为145 °,双腿自然弯曲15 °,双臂上抬30 °,肘部上抬50 °;上躯弯曲与竖直方向形成的夹角定义为下倾角β。
下蹲应急姿态（简称为下蹲姿态）：重心降低20%至30%,躯干前倾15 °,双臂上抬15 °,肘部上抬60 °,两小腿后倾20 °;将下肢大腿与纵向夹角定义为下蹲角θ。
跳跃应急姿态（简称为跳跃姿态）：身体弯曲,躯干前倾30 °,两臂上抬40 °,肘部上抬80 °,双腿大腿上抬70 °,两小腿后倾30 °;以离地高度定义为跳跃高度h。
跑步应急姿态（跑步姿态）：跑步时身体呈现拱形,头部颈部向前弯曲25 °,躯干前倾25 °,左臂前倾20 °,肘部上抬80 °,右臂后倾30 °肘部上抬60 °,右大腿上抬65 °,右小腿后倾5 °,左大腿上抬22 °,左小腿后倾30 °;跑步避让瞬间,人的运动速度定义为v_p。

应急姿态	碰撞模型	动作幅度
侧倾应急姿态（简称为侧倾姿态）：身体朝向约为145 °,双腿自然弯曲15 °,双臂上抬30 °,肘部上抬50 °;上躯弯曲与竖直方向形成的夹角定义为下倾角β。
下蹲应急姿态（简称为下蹲姿态）：重心降低20%至30%,躯干前倾15 °,双臂上抬15 °,肘部上抬60 °,两小腿后倾20 °;将下肢大腿与纵向夹角定义为下蹲角θ。
跳跃应急姿态（简称为跳跃姿态）：身体弯曲,躯干前倾30 °,两臂上抬40 °,肘部上抬80 °,双腿大腿上抬70 °,两小腿后倾30 °;以离地高度定义为跳跃高度h。
跑步应急姿态（跑步姿态）：跑步时身体呈现拱形,头部颈部向前弯曲25 °,躯干前倾25 °,左臂前倾20 °,肘部上抬80 °,右臂后倾30 °肘部上抬60 °,右大腿上抬65 °,右小腿后倾5 °,左大腿上抬22 °,左小腿后倾30 °;跑步避让瞬间,人的运动速度定义为v_p。

参与方信息	调查数据
行人信息	行人大约60岁,体重55 kg,身高160 cm,胸腹部大面积挫伤肋骨骨折,右臂骨折死亡原因是颅脑损伤。
车辆信息	车辆进气格栅损坏,发动机盖下陷,挡风玻璃坐下端破裂呈蜘蛛网纹。
道路环境信息	天气良好双向6车道,最高限速80 km/h。

参与方信息	调查数据
行人信息	行人大约60岁,体重55 kg,身高160 cm,胸腹部大面积挫伤肋骨骨折,右臂骨折死亡原因是颅脑损伤。
车辆信息	车辆进气格栅损坏,发动机盖下陷,挡风玻璃坐下端破裂呈蜘蛛网纹。
道路环境信息	天气良好双向6车道,最高限速80 km/h。

事故车辆参数	数值
长×宽×高	4 718 mm×1 802 mm×1 466 mm
整备质量	1 295 kg
满载质量	1 745 kg
轴距	2 700 mm
前轮距/后轮距	1 540 / 1 558 mm
前保险杠下端离地高度	240 mm
前保险杠宽度	460 mm
发动机罩前端离地高度	760 mm
发动机罩长度	780 mm