氨氢融合零碳内燃机燃烧过程综述

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.04.001

汽车安全与节能学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 15 ›› Issue (4): 443-466.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-8484.2024.04.001

• 综述与展望 • 下一篇

氨氢融合零碳内燃机燃烧过程综述

王志¹^,²(), 齐运亮¹^,², 陈清楚¹^,², 李骏¹^,²^,^*()

1.清华大学车辆与运载学院，北京 100084，中国
2.清华大学智能绿色车辆与交通全国重点实验室，北京 100084，中国

收稿日期:2024-07-01 修回日期:2024-08-16 出版日期:2024-08-31 发布日期:2024-09-04
通讯作者: *李骏，教授。E-mail：lijun1958@tsinghua.edu.cn。
作者简介:王志（1972—），男（汉），湖北，教授。E-mail：wangzhi@tsinghua.edu.cn。
王志教授清华大学教授，博士生导师,国家级一流本科课程负责人，清华大学车辆与运载学院副院长，中国汽车工程学会会士，中国汽车工程学会（China-SAE）汽车发动机分会主任委员，中国机械工业教育协会车辆工程专业委员会副主任委员，中国内燃机学会（CSICE）燃料与润滑油分会秘书长。入选国家高层次人才支持计划。长期从事内燃机高效清洁燃烧技术和燃料燃烧化学研究，攻克爆震燃烧机理与控制技术。获中国内燃机学会自然科学一等奖和中国汽车工业技术发明一等奖。主编《汽车动力系统原理》教材。研究领域为爆震燃烧，化学反应动力学、交通能源与智能动力。
李骏教授中国工程院院士，清华大学车辆学院教授、博士生导师，清华大学－一汽解放汽车有限公司智能碳中和车辆科技联合研究中心主任。现任中国汽车工程学会（China-SAE）荣誉理事长、国家智能网联汽车创新中心主任、中国汽车科技进步奖评委会主任、中国智能网联汽车产业创新联盟理事长，Automotive Innovation学术期刊主编。曾任中国第一汽车集团有限公司总工程师、技术中心主任、2012—2014年国际汽车工程师学会联合会（International Federation of Automotive Engineering Societies, FISITA）主席、中国汽车工程学会理事长。研究领域为智能网联汽车预期性功能安全、氨氢融合燃料发动机、氢燃料发动机。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金资助项目(T2241003);国家自然科学基金资助项目(T2341002)

Overview of the combustion of ammonia-hydrogen internal combustion engines

WANG Zhi¹^,²(), QI Yunliang¹^,², CHEN Qingchu¹^,², LI Jun¹^,²^,^*()

1. School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Green Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Received:2024-07-01 Revised:2024-08-16 Online:2024-08-31 Published:2024-09-04
About author:Prof. WANG Zhi, He is a professor at Tsinghua University, a Ph D supervisor, the director of the National First-Class Undergraduate Course, a deputy dean of the School of Vehicle and Mobility at Tsinghua University, a fellow of China Society of Automotive Engineers (China-SAE), the chairman of the Automotive Engine Committee of China-SAE, a deputy director of the Vehicle Engineering Professional Committee of the China Association of Mechanical Education, and the secretary-general of the Fuel and Lubricants Committee of the Chinese Society for Internal Combustion Engines (CSICE). He has been selected for the National High-Level Talent Support Program. He has long been engaged in the research of high-efficiency and clean combustion technology for internal combustion engines and fuel combustion chemistry, and has made breakthroughs in the mechanism and control technology of knocking combustion. He has received the First Prize of the Natural Science Award from CSICE and the First Prize of the Technical Invention Award from China-SAE. He is the chief editor of the textbook Principles of Automotive Power Systems. His research areas include knocking combustion, chemical reaction kinetics, transportation energy, and intelligent power systems.
Prof. LI Jun, He is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, a professor, and a PhD supervisor in School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University，the director of Tsinghua University-Faw Jiefang Automotive Co., Ltd. Joint Research Center for Intelligent Carbon Neutral Vehicle Technology. He also serves as the Honorary Chairman of the China Society of Automotive Engineers (China-SAE), the director of the National Innovation Center of Intelligent and Connected Vehicles, the chairman of the China Automotive Industry Progress Award, and the chairman of the China Industry Innovation Alliance for the Intelligent and Connected Vehicles. Additionally, he is the editor-in-chief of the academic journal Automotive Innovation. Previously, he was the chief engineer of FAW group，and the director of FAW Research and Development Center，the president of the International Federation of Automotive Engineering Societies (FISITA) from 2012 to 2014, and the chairman of China-SAE. His research interests include safety of the intended functionality for intelligent connected vehicles, ammonia-hydrogen hybrid fuel engines, and hydrogen fuel engines.

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着中国“碳达峰”与“碳中和”目标的提出，内燃机低碳化、零碳化势在必行。氨作为零碳燃料和氢的高能量密度载体，是实现碳中和有潜力的替代燃料。研发氨氢燃烧技术，实现氨高效清洁融合燃料零碳大功率内燃机高效近零排放对全球气候治理具有重大意义。该文在分析氨作为未来绿色能源的潜力及其在内燃机中实际应用的基础上，从氨氢内燃机的燃烧模式、氨氢燃料的燃烧化学反应动力学、氨氢燃料供给方式等方面综述了氨氢内燃机的燃烧的最新进展，对比分析了火花点燃/均质压燃/射流引燃3种燃烧模式、氨气道喷射/液氨缸内直喷2种燃料供给方式、主动射流/被动射流2种点火方式，提出并论述了基于氨在线裂解制氢实现基于单一液氨燃料油箱的氨氢融合燃烧，是内燃机实现碳中和的极具潜力的技术路线，指出了氨氢内燃机喷雾、燃烧和氮基排放控制三方面需要解决的关键技术和科学问题。研究表明：氨氢融合内燃机采用微量氢气（小于3%）引燃氨混合气，可以获得稳定燃烧和高热效率，并拓展稀然极限。氨氢融合零碳大功率内燃机作为氨燃料高效可靠的应用载体，在重型车辆、工程机械、远洋船舶、发电等多个领域具备广泛的应用潜力与价值，氨氢内燃机的研发可推动基础燃烧理论的进步，也可以促进中国内燃机产业迈上新的台阶。

关键词: 氨氢融合, 零碳内燃机, 燃烧模式, 燃烧化学反应动力学

Abstract:

With the introduction of Chinese goals of “carbon peak” and “carbon neutrality”, the low-carbon and zero-carbon transition of internal combustion engines is imperative. Ammonia, as a zero-carbon fuel and a high-energy-density carrier for hydrogen, is a promising alternative fuel for achieving carbon neutrality in the near to mid-term. Developing ammonia-hydrogen combustion technology for high-power, zero-carbon internal combustion engines is of significant importance for global climate governance. This paper analyzes the potential of ammonia as a future green energy source and its practical applications in internal combustion engines. It reviews the latest advancements in ammonia-hydrogen engine combustion from the aspects of combustion modes, reaction kinetics of ammonia-hydrogen fuel, and fuel supply methods, comparing three combustion modes (spark ignition/homogeneous compression ignition/jet ignition), two ammonia supply methods (gaseous port injection/liquid ammonia direct injection), and two jet ignition methods (active/passive). A promising technology of ammonia-hydrogen synergy combustion based on online ammonia cracking to produce hydrogen from a single liquid ammonia fuel tank is proposed and discussed. Key technical and scientific issues to be addressed in spray, combustion, and nitrogen-based emission control are also pointed out. Research indicates that using a small amount of hydrogen (less than 3%) to ignite ammonia-air mixtures in ammonia-hydrogen engines can achieve stable combustion and high thermal efficiency while extending the lean limit. Ammonia-hydrogen synergy zero-carbon high-power internal combustion engines, as efficient and reliable application carriers for ammonia fuel, have broad application potential and value in heavy-duty vehicles, construction machinery, ocean-going vessels, and power generation. The development of ammonia-hydrogen engines can advance fundamental combustion theory and revitalize China's internal combustion engine industry.

Key words: ammonia-hydrogen synergy, zero-carbon engine, combustion mode, reaction kinetics

中图分类号:

TK467.1+4

王志, 齐运亮, 陈清楚, 李骏. 氨氢融合零碳内燃机燃烧过程综述[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2024, 15(4): 443-466.

WANG Zhi, QI Yunliang, CHEN Qingchu, LI Jun. Overview of the combustion of ammonia-hydrogen internal combustion engines[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2024, 15(4): 443-466.

图/表 27

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时间	论文作者	点火模式	压缩比	掺氨率/ %	热效率/ %
2011	S.C.M?rch et al^[1]	SI	6.2~13.6	0~95	35.4(ITE)
2013	S.Frigo，et al^[2]	SI	10.7	0~95	26.0(BTE)
2015	M. Comotti，et al^[3]	SI	10.7	-	28.0(BTE)
2017	M. Pochet，et al^[4]	HCCI	16.0	0~70	-
2020	C. Lhuillier，et al^[5]	SI	10.5	46~100	39.0(ITE)
2020	M. Pochet，et al^[6]	HCCI	22.0	0~94	-
2021	C. Mouna?m-Rousselle，et al^[7]	SI	10.5	90~100	35.0(ITE)
2021	JI Changwei，et al^[8]	SI	9.5	0~3	34.2(ITE)
2022	GU Xin et al^[9]	SI	9.5	0~3	34.0(ITE)
2022	GU Xin，et al^[10]	SI	9.5	6.7~13.8	33.5(ITE)
2023	LIU Zongkuan，et al^[11]	JI	14.0	97.5	36.5(ITE)
2023	LIU Zongkuan，et al^[12]	JI	14.0	100	32.5(ITE)
2023	LIU Zongkuan，et al^[13]	JI	14.0	97.5	35.7(ITE)
2023	QI Yunliang，et al^[14]	JI	17.3	95	41.4(ITE)
2023	LIN Zhelong，et al^[15]	SI	15.5	48.8~67.2	44.3(ITE)
2024	WANG Zhi，et al^[16]	JI	17.3	95.6~97.9	42.5(ITE)

时间	论文作者	点火模式	压缩比	掺氨率/ %	热效率/ %
2011	S.C.M?rch et al^[1]	SI	6.2~13.6	0~95	35.4(ITE)
2013	S.Frigo，et al^[2]	SI	10.7	0~95	26.0(BTE)
2015	M. Comotti，et al^[3]	SI	10.7	-	28.0(BTE)
2017	M. Pochet，et al^[4]	HCCI	16.0	0~70	-
2020	C. Lhuillier，et al^[5]	SI	10.5	46~100	39.0(ITE)
2020	M. Pochet，et al^[6]	HCCI	22.0	0~94	-
2021	C. Mouna?m-Rousselle，et al^[7]	SI	10.5	90~100	35.0(ITE)
2021	JI Changwei，et al^[8]	SI	9.5	0~3	34.2(ITE)
2022	GU Xin et al^[9]	SI	9.5	0~3	34.0(ITE)
2022	GU Xin，et al^[10]	SI	9.5	6.7~13.8	33.5(ITE)
2023	LIU Zongkuan，et al^[11]	JI	14.0	97.5	36.5(ITE)
2023	LIU Zongkuan，et al^[12]	JI	14.0	100	32.5(ITE)
2023	LIU Zongkuan，et al^[13]	JI	14.0	97.5	35.7(ITE)
2023	QI Yunliang，et al^[14]	JI	17.3	95	41.4(ITE)
2023	LIN Zhelong，et al^[15]	SI	15.5	48.8~67.2	44.3(ITE)
2024	WANG Zhi，et al^[16]	JI	17.3	95.6~97.9	42.5(ITE)

No.	作者	年份	物种数/反应数	验证燃料	验证参数
1	P. Glarborg，et al^[58]	2018	151 / 1397	NH₃/ H₂/ C₁-C₂	-
2	J. Otomo，et al^[85]	2018	32 / 213	NH₃/ H₂	IDT / LFS
3	MEI Bowen，et al^[86]	2019	38 / 265	NH₃	LFS
5	HAN Xinlu，et al^[87]	2020	35 / 177	NH₃/ syngas	IDT/LFS
6	DAI Liming，et al^[65]	2020	151 / 1392	NH₃/ H₂	IDT
7	ZHANG Xiaoyuan，et al^[76]	2021	38 / 263	NH₃/ H₂	SMF
8	P. K. Shrestha，et al^[71]	2021	125 / 1 099	NH₃/ H₂/ DME	LFS
9	TANG Ruoyue，et al^[77]	2022	35 / 211	NH₃	SMF
10	LIAO Wanxiong，et al^[66]	2022	38 / 262	NH₃/ H₂	IDT/SMF
11	P. Glarborg^[88]	2022	41 / 270	NH₃	SMF
12	A. Stagni，et al^[89]	2023	31 / 205	NH₃	IDT / SMF
13	ZHOU Shangkun，et al^[81]	2023	169 / 1268	NH₃/ H₂/ CH₄/ CO	IDT / LFS / SMF
14	ZHU Yuxiang，et al^[82]	2024	43 / 312	NH₃/ H₂/ CH₄/ C₂H₆	IDT / LFS / SMF
15	ZHANG Ridong，et al^[83]	2024	31 / 214	NH₃/ H₂	IDT / LFS / SMF

No.	作者	年份	物种数/反应数	验证燃料	验证参数
1	P. Glarborg，et al^[58]	2018	151 / 1397	NH₃/ H₂/ C₁-C₂	-
2	J. Otomo，et al^[85]	2018	32 / 213	NH₃/ H₂	IDT / LFS
3	MEI Bowen，et al^[86]	2019	38 / 265	NH₃	LFS
5	HAN Xinlu，et al^[87]	2020	35 / 177	NH₃/ syngas	IDT/LFS
6	DAI Liming，et al^[65]	2020	151 / 1392	NH₃/ H₂	IDT
7	ZHANG Xiaoyuan，et al^[76]	2021	38 / 263	NH₃/ H₂	SMF
8	P. K. Shrestha，et al^[71]	2021	125 / 1 099	NH₃/ H₂/ DME	LFS
9	TANG Ruoyue，et al^[77]	2022	35 / 211	NH₃	SMF
10	LIAO Wanxiong，et al^[66]	2022	38 / 262	NH₃/ H₂	IDT/SMF
11	P. Glarborg^[88]	2022	41 / 270	NH₃	SMF
12	A. Stagni，et al^[89]	2023	31 / 205	NH₃	IDT / SMF
13	ZHOU Shangkun，et al^[81]	2023	169 / 1268	NH₃/ H₂/ CH₄/ CO	IDT / LFS / SMF
14	ZHU Yuxiang，et al^[82]	2024	43 / 312	NH₃/ H₂/ CH₄/ C₂H₆	IDT / LFS / SMF
15	ZHANG Ridong，et al^[83]	2024	31 / 214	NH₃/ H₂	IDT / LFS / SMF

氨氢融合零碳内燃机燃烧过程综述

Overview of the combustion of ammonia-hydrogen internal combustion engines

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